Summary
This report describes the case of patient FR, a 31‐year‐old recipient of a living‐related kidney transplant from a donor against whom he was presensitized. Seventeen days prior to ...transplantation, a central venous infusion of transplant acceptance‐inducing cells (TAICs) was administered to the patient. During the 27‐month follow up, the patient experienced no acute rejection episodes under an immunosuppressive regime comprising anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) induction, corticosteroids and tacrolimus. In a similar manner to the kidney transplant recipients treated preoperatively with TAICs in a previous study, patient FR achieved a state of donor‐specific hypo‐responsiveness. Most remarkably, the deliberate preoperative exposure of a sensitized patient to the sensitizing alloantigen did not heighten his response; on the contrary, after TAIC treatment and transplantation, HLA‐specific antibodies were no longer detectable. The case of patient FR provides further evidence of the safety of pre‐transplantation treatment with TAICs.
Far-UV images of Jupiter from the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 reveal polar auroral emissions at 300 kilometer resolution and three times higher sensitivity than previously ...achieved.
The study of synthetic macrocycles capable of interacting with small anionic species is an emerging field in organic chemistry. One specific example is a class of compounds known as calixpyrroles. ...The most common formulation of this system is a result of the condensation of acetone and pyrrole, which leads to the formation of a tetrapyrrolic macrocycle structurally similar but electronically different than porphyrins. This system is different from porphyrin in that you cannot form an 18π electron aromatic structure, which imparts drastically different properties. Instead, each pyrrole is electronically independent and consequently, each can donate one hydrogen bond. Their solid state structure also suggests that these meso-octamethylporphyrinogens are more aptly named calixpyrroles to emphasize their structural similarities to other members in the calixarene family. These observations led to the development of these systems as anion binding agents used to target a multitude of useful functions. Herein is described a three to four hour procedure introducing students to this system during their second term of organic chemistry. It has been optimized to have a completion time of three hours while allowing for optional characterization. The exploration of the anion-binding properties of calixpyrroles also makes this laboratory suitable for more advanced students.
ACTINOFORM CLOUDS Garay, Michael J.; Davies, Roger; Averill, Clare ...
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
10/2004, Letnik:
85, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Stratocumulus clouds are common in the tropical and subtropical marine boundary layer, and understanding these clouds is important due to their significant impact on the earth’s radiation budget. ...Observations show that the marine boundary layer contains complex, but poorly understood processes, which, from time to time, result in the observable self-organization of cloud structures at scales ranging from a few to a few thousand kilometers. Such shallow convective cloud features, typically observed as hexagonal cells, are known generally as mesoscale cellular convection (MCC). Actinoform clouds are rarer, but visually more striking forms of MCC, which possess a radial structure.
Because mesoscale cloud features are typically too large to be observed from the ground, observations of hexagonal cells historically date only to the beginning of satellite meteorology. Examples of actinoform clouds were shown in the venerable “Picture of the Month” series inMonthly Weather Reviewin the early 1960s, but these clouds were generally forgotten as research focused on hexagonal cells.
Recent high-resolution satellite images have, in a sense, “rediscovered” actinoform clouds, and they appear to be much more prevalent than had been previously suspected. We show a number of examples of actinoform clouds from a variety of locations worldwide. In addition, we have conducted a detailed case study of an actinoform cloud system using data from the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), including analysis of cloud heights, radiative properties, and the time-evolution of the cloud system. We also examine earlier theories regarding actinoform clouds in light of the new satellite data.
The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is an inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. It has rich pharmacology and largely accounts for the recreational use ...of cannabis. We describe efficient asymmetric syntheses of four photoswitchable Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives (azo-THCs) from a central building block 3-Br-THC. Using electrophysiology and a FRET-based cAMP assay, two compounds are identified as potent CB1 agonists that change their effect upon illumination. As such, azo-THCs enable CB1-mediated optical control of inwardly rectifying potassium channels, as well as adenylyl cyclase.
Abstract
Objectives
To assess whether the joint effects of water and sanitation infrastructure, are acting antagonistically (redundant services preventing the same cases of diarrhoeal disease), ...independently, or synergistically; and to assess how these effects vary by country and over time.
Methods
We used data from 217 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 74 countries between 1986 and 2013. We used modified Poisson regression to assess the impact of water and sanitation infrastructure on the prevalence of diarrhoea among children under 5.
Results
The impact of water and sanitation varied across surveys, and adjusting for socio‐economic status drove these estimates towards the null. Sanitation had a greater effect than water infrastructure when all 217 surveys were pooled; however, the impact of sanitation diminished over time. Based on survey data from the past 10 years, we saw no evidence for benefits in improving drinking water or sanitation alone, but we estimated a 6% reduction of both combined (prevalence ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence limit 0.91–0.98).
Conclusions
Water and sanitation interventions should be combined to maximise the number of cases of diarrhoeal disease prevented in children under 5. Further research should identify the sources of variability seen between countries and across time. These national surveys likely include substantial measurement error in the categorisation of water and sanitation, making it difficult to interpret the roles of other pathways.
Objectifs
Evaluer les effets conjoints des infrastructures de l'eau et d'assainissement afin de voir si elles sont des services redondants prévenant les mêmes cas de maladies diarrhéiques, si elles agissent indépendamment ou en synergie et d’évaluer comment ces effets varient selon les pays et au fil du temps.
Méthodes
Nous avons utilisé les données de 217 enquêtes démographiques et santé menées dans 90 pays entre 1986 et 2013. Nous avons utilisé la régression de Poisson modifiée pour évaluer l'impact des infrastructures de l'eau et d'assainissement sur la prévalence de la diarrhée chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans.
Résultats
L'impact de l'eau et de l'assainissement variait dans toutes les enquêtes et l'ajustement pour le statut socioéconomique conduisait ces estimations vers le néant. L'assainissement avait un effet plus important que l'infrastructure de l'eau lorsque toutes les 217 enquêtes ont été poolées. Toutefois, l'impact de l'assainissement a diminué au fil du temps. Basé sur des données d'enquêtes des dix dernières années, nous n'avons vu aucune preuve pour les bénéfices de l'amélioration de l'eau potable ou de l'assainissement seuls, mais nous avons estimé une réduction de 6% pour la combinaison des deux (rapport de prévalence = 0,94;
IC
95%: 0,91 à 0,98).
Conclusions
Les interventions sur l'eau et l'assainissement devraient être combinées pour maximiser le nombre de cas de maladies diarrhéiques prévenus chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans. Des recherches supplémentaires devraient identifier les sources de variabilité observées entre les pays et dans le temps. Ces enquêtes nationales comportent probablement une erreur importante de mesure dans la catégorisation de l'eau et de l'assainissement, ce qui rend difficile l'interprétation des rôles des autres voies.
Objetivos
Evaluar el efecto conjunto del agua e infraestructura sanitaria, y determinar si son servicios redundantes que previenen los mismos casos de enfermedad diarreica, actúan de forma independiente o actúan de forma sinérgica; y evaluar como dichos efectos varían según el país y a lo largo del tiempo.
Métodos
Hemos utilizado los datos de 217 Censos Demográficos y de Salud realizados en 90 países entre 1986 y 2013. Hemos realizado una regresión de Poisson modificada para evaluar el impacto del agua y de la infraestructura sanitaria sobre la prevalencia de la diarrea en niños menores de cinco años.
Resultados
El impacto del agua y del saneamiento variaba a lo largo de los censos, y el ajustar según el estatus socioeconómico llevaba los resultados a cero. El saneamiento tenía un mayor efecto que la infraestructura para el agua si se agrupaban los 217 censos; sin embargo, el impacto del saneamiento disminuía a lo largo del tiempo. Basado en los datos censales de los últimos diez años, no encontramos evidencia de los beneficios de la mejora del agua para consumo o del saneamiento por sí solos, pero hemos estimado una reducción del 6% de las dos intervenciones combinadas (tasa de prevalencia = 0.94,
IC
95% 0.91‐0.98).
Conclusiones
Las intervenciones en el agua o el saneamiento deberían combinarse para maximizar el número de casos de enfermedad diarréica prevenidas en niños menores de cinco años. Estudios futuros deberían identificar las fuentes de variabilidad observada entre países y a lo largo del tiempo. Es posible que los censos nacionales incluyan un error sustancial en la medición de las categorías de agua y saneamiento, lo cual complica la determinación del papel de vías alternativas.
We present Hubble Space Telescope photometry for three fields in the outer disk of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) extending approximately 4 mag below the faintest main-sequence turnoff. We cannot ...detect any strongly significant differences in the stellar populations of the three fields based on the morphologies of the color-magnitude diagrams, the luminosity functions, and the relative numbers of stars in different evolutionary stages. Our observations therefore suggest similar star formation histories in these regions, although some variations are certainly allowed. The fields are located in two regions of the LMC: one is in the northeast and two are located in the northwest. Under the assumption of a common star formation history, we combine the three fields with ground-based data at the same location as one of the fields to improve statistics for the brightest stars. We compare this stellar population with those predicted from several simple star formation histories suggested in the literature, using a combination of the R-method of Bertelli et al. (1992) and comparisons with the observed luminosity function. The only model we consider that is not rejected by the observations is one in which the star formation rate is roughly constant for most of the LMC's history and then increases by a factor of 3 about 2 Gyr ago. Such a model has roughly equal numbers of stars older and younger than 4 Gyr, and thus is not dominated by young stars. This star formation history, combined with a closed-box chemical evolution model, is consistent with observations that the metallicity of the LMC has doubled in the past 2 Gyr. (Author)
![Calix[4]pyrrole: Synthesis ...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0021-9584_1938-1328/small "Calix[4]pyrrole: Synthesis and Anion-Binding Properties. An Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiment")
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