This study aimed to detect Escherichia coli directly without DNA extraction. The nucleus membrane and cell membranes of the Escherichia coli are composed of a phospholipid bilayer, damaged if heated ...at 950C. Pre-denaturation and denaturation of PCR were carried out at 950C. The two stages are thought to break down the Escherichia coli cells, so that the DNA that comes out of the cells can directly become a template in the PCR analysis. In this study, PCR analysis was carried out using Escherichia coli culture, Escherichia coli bacteria culture incubated at 950C, and Escherichia coli bacteria cultures incubated at 650C + on ice as templates. The results showed that PCR analysis using Escherichia coli culture directly and Escherichia coli culture incubated at 650C + on ice as templates produced very thin DNA bands with a size of 580 bp. while PCR analysis using Escherichia coli bacteria culture incubated at 950C as a template produced thick DNA bands with a size of 580 bp. This study's results are very useful for saving time and costs in the detection of Escherichia coli bacteria. The sample to be tested does not need DNA isolation as usual, but only needs to be incubated at 950C for 10 minutes.
This study aimed to detect Escherichia coli directly without DNA extraction. The nucleus membrane and cell membranes of the Escherichia coli are composed of a phospholipid bilayer, damaged if heated ...at 950C. Predenaturation and denaturation of PCR were carried out at 950C. The two stages are thought to break down the Escherichia coli cells, so that the DNA that comes out of the cells can directly become a template in the PCR analysis. In this study, PCR analysis was carried out using Escherichia coli culture, Escherichia coli bacteria culture incubated at 950C, and Escherichia coli bacteria cultures incubated at 650C + on ice as templates. The results showed that PCR analysis using Escherichia coli culture directly and Escherichia coli culture incubated at 650C + on ice as templates produced very thin DNA bands with a size of 580 bp. while PCR analysis using Escherichia coli bacteria culture incubated at 950C as a template produced thick DNA bands with a size of 580 bp. This study's results are very useful for saving time and costs in the detection of Escherichia coli bacteria. The sample to be tested does not need DNA isolation as usual, but only needs to be incubated at 950C for 10 minutes.
There has been a growing emphasis on developing extraction methods that are not only efficient but also environmentally friendly and sustainable. One promising avenue is the exploration of deep ...eutectic solvents (DESs) as neoteric extraction media. This study aims to investigate the potential of DESs as neoteric extraction media for phenolics-rich flower clove extracts. Two DESs were synthesised by mixing choline chloride with glycerol and lactic acid at a molar ratio of 1:2. The thermal profiles of the mixture were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry, and the viscosity and density were measured at different temperatures. The phenolic compounds were quantitatively characterised for all of the extractants using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined. The results showed that DESs significantly improved the extraction of antioxidant compounds from clove, especially for the case of phenolic compounds, and also considerably enhanced the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The use of DESs offers a green, efficient method for extracting value-added products from natural sources.
This study aimed to identify human DNA from mixing human and chicken blood samples by utilizing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and cytochrome b gene primer. The cytochrome b gene is a gene located ...in mitochondrial DNA and has high variation of sequence relation between one species and another. PCR analysis was performed using human cytochrome b gene primer in variation of DNA templates (0 ng, 0.01 ng, 0.1 ng, 1 ng, 10 ng and 100 ng), human blood percentages (100%, 50%, 40 %, 25%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0%) and sample age before analysis (0 day, 3 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 15 days). The minimum DNA template obtained in this study was 0.01 ng and minimum percentage of human blood in the mixture was 1%. Blood spots on cloth isolated on days 0, 3, 7, 10 and 15 could still be analyzed and the resulting of DNA band (157 bp) had the same intensity/thickness. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that human blood in the mixture of human and chicken blood can be identified using PCR with specific primers of cytochrome b gene. PCR using specific primer of cytochrome b gene may help forensic practitioners to identify human sample in mixed biological samples.
Diabetes mellitus is a condition of abnormal blood glucose metabolism characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and elevated HbA1c levels as a standard test for diabetes mellitus. HbA1c describes the ...level of sugar in the blood for the last 3 months. One of the complications of diabetes mellitus is kidney damage. The state of kidney function can be described from the GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) examination as a standard examination for abnormalities in kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between HbA1c levels and eGFR values in people with diabetes mellitus. The design of this study was a cross-sectional approach to 30 samples of DM patients who took Prolanis at the Ultra Medica Tulungagung Clinical Laboratory. The results showed that the average HbA1c level in all samples was 6.2% and the average eGFR value was 88.7 ml/min/1, 73m2. The Pearson correlation test obtained a ρ value = 0.000 so that it can be concluded that there is a relationship between HbA1c levels and eGFR values in people with diabetes mellitus who take Prolanis at the Ultra Medica Clinical Laboratory Tulungagung.
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