Fear appeals are a polarizing issue, with proponents confident in their efficacy and opponents confident that they backfire. We present the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis investigating fear ...appeals' effectiveness for influencing attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. We tested predictions from a large number of theories, the majority of which have never been tested meta-analytically until now. Studies were included if they contained a treatment group exposed to a fear appeal, a valid comparison group, a manipulation of depicted fear, a measure of attitudes, intentions, or behaviors concerning the targeted risk or recommended solution, and adequate statistics to calculate effect sizes. The meta-analysis included 127 articles (9% unpublished) yielding 248 independent samples (NTotal = 27,372) collected from diverse populations. Results showed a positive effect of fear appeals on attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, with the average effect on a composite index being random-effects d¯ = 0.29. Moderation analyses based on prominent fear appeal theories showed that the effectiveness of fear appeals increased when the message included efficacy statements, depicted high susceptibility and severity, recommended one-time only (vs. repeated) behaviors, and targeted audiences that included a larger percentage of female message recipients. Overall, we conclude that (a) fear appeals are effective at positively influencing attitude, intentions, and behaviors; (b) there are very few circumstances under which they are not effective; and (c) there are no identified circumstances under which they backfire and lead to undesirable outcomes.
The first investigation of how race and gender shaped the presentation and marketing of Modernist decor in postwar America In the world of interior design, mid-century Modernism has left an indelible ...mark still seen and felt today in countless open-concept floor plans and spare, geometric furnishings. Yet despite our continued fascination, we rarely consider how this iconic design sensibility was marketed to the diverse audiences of its era. Examining advice manuals, advertisements in Life and Ebony, furniture, art, and more, Mid-Century Modernism and the American Body offers a powerful new look at how codes of race, gender, and identity influenced—and were influenced by—Modern design and shaped its presentation to consumers.Taking us to the booming suburban landscape of postwar America, Kristina Wilson demonstrates that the ideals defined by popular Modernist furnishings were far from neutral or race- blind. Advertisers offered this aesthetic to White audiences as a solution for keeping dirt and outsiders at bay, an approach that reinforced middle-class White privilege. By contrast, media arenas such as Ebony magazine presented African American readers with an image of Modernism as a style of comfort, security, and social confidence. Wilson shows how etiquette and home decorating manuals served to control women by associating them with the domestic sphere, and she considers how furniture by George Nelson and Charles and Ray Eames, as well as smaller-scale decorative accessories, empowered some users, even while constraining others.A striking counter-narrative to conventional histories of design, Mid-Century Modernism and the American Body unveils fresh perspectives on one of the most distinctive movements in American visual culture.
The dyads 3, 4, and 6, combining the Bodipy chromophore with a Pt(bpy)(bdt) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, bdt = 1,2-benzenedithiolate, 3 and 6) or a Pt(bpy)(mnt) (mnt = maleonitriledithiolate, 4) moiety, ...have been synthesized and studied by UV−vis steady-state absorption, transient absorption, and emission spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. Comparison of the absorption spectra and cyclic voltammograms of dyads 3, 4, and 6 and those of their model compounds 1a, 2, 5, and 7 shows that the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the dyads are essentially the sum of their constituent chromophores, indicating negligible interaction of the constituent chromophores in the ground state. However, emission studies on 3 and 6 show a complete absence of both Bodipy-based fluorescence and the characteristic luminescence of the Pt(bpy)(bdt) unit. Dyad 4 shows a weak Pt(mnt)-based emission. Transient absorption studies show that excitation of the dyads into the Bodipy-based 1ππ* excited state is followed by singlet energy transfer (SEnT) to the Pt(dithiolate)-based 1MMLL′CT (mixed metal-ligand to ligand charge transfer) excited state ( τ S E n T 3 = 0.6 ps, τ S E n T 4 = 0.5 ps, and τ S E n T 6 = 1.6 ps), which undergoes rapid intersystem crossing to the 3MMLL′CT state due to the heavy Pt(II) ion. The 3MMLL′CT state is then depopulated by triplet energy transfer (TEnT) to the low-lying Bodipy-based 3ππ* excited state ( τ T E n T 3 = 8.2 ps, τ T E n T 4 = 5 ps, and τ T E n T 6 = 160 ps). The transition assignments are supported by TD-DFT calculations. Both energy-transfer processes are shown to proceed via a Dexter electron exchange mechanism. The much longer time constants for dyad 6 relative to 3 are attributed to the significantly poorer coupling and resonance of charge-separated species that are intermediates in the electron exchange process.
A series of halogenated boron-dipyrromethene (Bodipy) chromophores with potential applications in solar energy conversion were synthesized and characterized by steady state and ultrafast laser ...spectroscopy. The ultrafast dynamics of the chromophores were compared between a series containing H, Br, or I at the 2,6 positions of the Bodipy dye. The parent Bodipy has a fluorescent lifetime (τfl) of 3−5 ns, a fluorescence quantum yield (Φfl) of 0.56, and negligible triplet state yield. Bromination enhances the intersystem crossing (ISC) such that τfl and Φfl decrease to ∼1.2 ns and 0.11, respectively, while iodination further accelerates ISC so that τfl is only ∼130 ps and Φfl is 0.011. Transient absorption experiments lead to the observation of excited state absorption bands from the singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) states at ∼345 and 447 nm, respectively, and characterization of ISC via the dynamics of these bands and the decay of S1 stimulated emission.
Objective
To describe the results of two reliability studies and to assess the effect of training on interrater reliability scores.
Design
The first study (1) examined interrater and intrarater ...reliability scores (weighted and unweighted kappas) and (2) compared interrater reliability scores before and after training on the use of the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech–Augmented (CAPS-A) with British English-speaking children. The second study examined interrater and intrarater reliability on a modified version of the CAPS-A (CAPS-A Americleft Modification) with American and Canadian English-speaking children. Finally, comparisons were made between the interrater and intrarater reliability scores obtained for Study 1 and Study 2.
Participants
The participants were speech-language pathologists from the Americleft Speech Project.
Results
In Study 1, interrater reliability scores improved for 6 of the 13 parameters following training on the CAPS-A protocol. Comparison of the reliability results for the two studies indicated lower scores for Study 2 compared with Study 1. However, this appeared to be an artifact of the kappa statistic that occurred due to insufficient variability in the reliability samples for Study 2. When percent agreement scores were also calculated, the ratings appeared similar across Study 1 and Study 2.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggested that improvements in interrater reliability could be obtained following a program of systematic training. However, improvements were not uniform across all parameters. Acceptable levels of reliability were achieved for those parameters most important for evaluation of velopharyngeal function.
Purpose The spectrum of pediatric biliary tract disease is changing. The goal of this study was to examine the causes and comorbidities of pediatric gallbladder disease at our institution. Methods We ...performed a retrospective chart review on consecutive patient at Kosair Children's Hospital who underwent cholecystectomy over a 9-year time period ending in 2012. Results Among the 453 patients in the study group, the average age was 13.3 years and 67.2% were female. Indications for cholecystectomy were gallstones in 285 (63%) and biliary dyskinesia in 140 (33%). Of the patients with gallstones, 68 children (15%) had hemolytic disease. Although the number of cholecystectomies for hemolytic disease was relatively stable throughout our study, the number for biliary dyskinesia and non-hemolytic (cholesterol) cholelithiasis rose by 63% and 216%, respectively. Average body mass index (BMI) for patients with non-hemolytic (cholesterol) stones and biliary dyskinesia were significantly greater than the average BMI for patients with hemolytic stones ( P < .0001). In addition, the average BMI for children with non-hemolytic (cholesterol) stones was greater than the average BMI with biliary dyskinesia ( P < .0001). Conclusion Symptomatic gallbladder disease increased over the study period. Biliary dyskinesia and children with non-hemolytic disease are responsible for this increase.
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome affects approximately 1 in 4000 live births and involves cardiac defects, immunodeficiency, and endocrine disruption. The complexity of diagnosis and multifaceted care ...often leads to fragmented management in the short and long term. With the purpose of developing an effective multidisciplinary program, the authors aimed to identify the deficiencies in current screening and referral processes among the teams required in the care for patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. A retrospective chart review was conducted at our institution between 2001 and 2016. Patients with confirmed 22q11.2 deletion diagnoses between the ages of 0 and 28 were included. A list of 15 relevant specialties that should evaluate patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was created according to established guidelines. Patient medical and demographic information were collected and analyzed. A total of 270 patients were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 3.3 years. On average, patients visited 6 of 15 departments (1-14). Only 8.8% of patients visited >10 specialties. The majority were seen by Cardiology, Allergy and Immunology, Genetics, and Speech (57.4-87.8%). A minority were seen by Hematology and Oncology, Sleep Therapy, and Physical Therapy (13.3-16.3%). Only 34.1% encountered plastic surgery. Negative correlation (-0.128; P = 0.035) was demonstrated between patients' age at diagnosis and number of specialty teams encountered. This study highlights the current underutilization of services required to manage patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. While screening guidelines have been established, implementation can be challenging as it requires efficient care coordination between teams. Moving forward, the authors believe that a multidisciplinary clinical approach to streamline patient care is necessary.
We present theoretical and experimental data for the attenuation of the cascade signal in two-dimensional femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (2D-FSRS). In previous studies, the cascade signal, ...caused by two third-order interactions, was found to overwhelm the desired fifth-order signal that would measure vibrational anharmonic coupling. Theoretically, it is found that changing the phase-matching conditions and sample concentration would attenuate the cascade signal, while only slightly decreasing the fifth-order signal. By increasing the crossing angle between the Raman pump and probe and the impulsive pump and probe, the phase-matching efficiency of the cascade signal is significantly attenuated, while the fifth-order efficiency remains constant. The dilution experiments take advantage of the difference in the concentration dependence for the fifth-order and cascade signal, in which the fifth-order signal is proportional to concentration and the cascade signal is proportional to concentration squared. Experimentally, it is difficult to see a trend in the data due to instability in signal in the phase-matching experiments and lack of signal at low concentrations in the dilution experiments.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) results from incomplete closure of the velopharyngeal (VP) sphincter with oral pressure consonants during speech. Maxillary hypoplasia is common among cleft ...children and often requires LeFort I advancement. This results in anterior movement of the soft palate with the bony maxillary segment. Consequently, the size of the VP sphincter is increased and may result postoperative VPI or worsening of prior VPI. To better counsel our patients and their families of the risk of VPI after LeFort I advancement, we chose to evaluate our own cohort.
We conducted an institutional review board-approved prospective review of all cleft children presenting to Texas Children's Hospital who underwent LeFort I advancement after previous palatoplasty between 2013 and 2016 in a three-surgeon, consecutive patient series. Data collected included age, sex, ethnicity, cleft type, prior secondary speech surgery, presence of preoperative fistula, planned distance of advancement, orthognathic surgery performed, and any concurrent procedures performed. Primary outcomes measured included preoperative and postoperative VP function and hypernasality as measured by a certified speech pathologist.
Velopharyngeal function was unchanged in 67% of our cohort after LeFort I advancement. Of those patients, 83% had evidence of VPI preoperatively, and 17% had normal speech preoperatively. Twenty-two percent of the patients displayed worsening VP function after surgery, and 6% displayed evidence of improvement. Velopharyngeal function was unable to be assessed in 6% of patients. Nasality ratings worsened in 39% of patients, were unchanged in 39%, and improved in 22%. Of the patients with incompetent VP function after surgery, 50% already received or are currently scheduled for secondary speech surgery, 25% declined secondary surgery, and 25% are pending scheduling.
Although VP function remains unchanged in a majority of patients after LeFort I advancement, VPI should be carefully screened for after surgery. If detected, secondary operations to correct speech should be strongly considered.
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