Space-based remote sensing can make an important contribution toward monitoring greenhouse gas emissions and removals from the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector, and to ...understanding and addressing human-caused climate change through the UNFCCC Paris Agreement. Space agencies have begun to coordinate their efforts to identify needs, collect and harmonize available data and efforts, and plan and maintain a long-term roadmap for observations. International cooperation is crucial in developing and realizing the roadmap, and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) is a key coordinating driver of this effort. Here, we first identify the data and information that will be useful to support the global stocktake (GST) of the Paris Agreement. Then, the paper explains how existing and planned space-based capabilities and products can be used and combined, particularly in the land use sector, and provides a workflow for their harmonization and contribution to greenhouse gas inventories and assessments at the national and global level.
Emergency management tends to be planned for legal, resident populations that are responsive to mainstream channels of communication and enforcement. For many areas prone to extreme events and ...emergencies, populations are also composed of transitory tourists, temporary visitors and migrant workers. This latter group may be a large population and, while not completely invisible to residents, may prefer obscurity and concealment within the social landscape. Tending towards poverty, technologically disconnected and linguistically isolated, undocumented migrants seek employment and attempt to avoid local law enforcement and immigration officials for fear of imprisonment and deportation. In this context, the behaviours prompted by developing public emergencies will be different for undocumented migrants than for the population at large. We examine the experience of 135 Hispanic undocumented migrants in the coastal zone of Houston-Galveston, Texas to understand the factors and issues that influence decision making and behaviours under region-wide mandatory evacuation conditions. Undocumented migrants' decisions to evacuate rest upon: the presence (or absence) of family and/or children, their access to risk information that they find meaningful and rational and is in harmony with their pre-conceptions about their circumstances, their openness to information that either confirms their experiences or confronts rumour-generated biases they carry, their familiarity with social groups and governmental agencies and the services they offer, and the outcome of their risk analyses that consider the dangers of remaining in situ against the danger of exposing themselves to discovery as 'illegal aliens'. The results suggest that emergency management plans ought to promote the dispelling of rumours that weaken the effect of emergency communication, promote non-emergency outreach to peripheral populations through community groups, and promote better, basic, non-technical, Spanish-language media through mainstream conduits (i.e. the most commonly watched non-Spanish television channels) that do not require high-tech devices or advanced understanding of visual media tools.
Space-based remote sensing can make an important contribution toward monitoring greenhouse gas emissions and removals from the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector, and to ...understanding and addressing human-caused climate change through the UNFCCC Paris Agreement. Space agencies have begun to coordinate their efforts to identify needs, collect and harmonize available data and efforts, and plan and maintain a long-term roadmap for observations. International cooperation is crucial in developing and realizing the roadmap, and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) is a key coordinating driver of this effort. Here, we first identify the data and information that will be useful to support the global stocktake (GST) of the Paris Agreement. Then, the paper explains how existing and planned space-based capabilities and products can be used and combined, particularly in the land use sector, and provides a workflow for their harmonization and contribution to greenhouse gas inventories and assessments at the national and global level.
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Earth sciences; Remote sensing; Land use
MCs appear to play an important role in promoting innate immunity against microbial pathogens.8 Through activation of CD8+ T cells, MCs possess the ability to regulate both the TH1 and TH2 cytokine ...pathways, and can therefore adopt both immunosuppressive and immune-stimulatory properties.8 Recently, MCs have been demonstrated to exert phagocytosis-independent antimicrobial activity against S aureus, mediated through extracellular traps and the release of antibacterial enzymes.9S aureus has been shown in vitro to subvert these extracellular antimicrobial mechanisms by internalizing within MCs.9 Once within the MCs, S aureus appears to access the nutrient-rich cytosol and upregulate cell wall synthesis, allowing persistent and viable intracellular SA reservoirs to be established.9 The MC in the context of chronic S aureus infection may well act as a double-edged sword.9 Although promoting innate immunity against microbial pathogens, the MC may be providing a safe haven for S aureus by protecting it from extracellular antimicrobial compounds.\n0 0.4 0.0 0.0 + 7 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 + 8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 + 9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 + Total 0 7/9 (78%) 3/9 (33%) 3/9 (33%) Â Mean 0.0 0.49 0.18 0.11 Â P value .0 .002low * .086 .139 Â 95% CI 0.0 0.23-0.34 -0.03 to 0.34 -0.04 to 0.27 Â Control group 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - Mean 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Â Table E1 Biofilm and intracellular bacterial detection rates for NP tissue BDR, Biofilm detection rate; IBDR, intracellular bacterial detection rate; +, detected; -, undetected.
KCNN2 encodes the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 2 (SK2). Rodent models with spontaneous Kcnn2 mutations show abnormal gait and locomotor activity, tremor and memory deficits, ...but human disorders related to KCNN2 variants are largely unknown. Using exome sequencing, we identified a de novo KCNN2 frameshift deletion in a patient with learning disabilities, cerebellar ataxia and white matter abnormalities on brain MRI. This discovery prompted us to collect data from nine additional patients with de novo KCNN2 variants (one nonsense, one splice site, six missense variants and one in-frame deletion) and one family with a missense variant inherited from the affected mother. We investigated the functional impact of six selected variants on SK2 channel function using the patch-clamp technique. All variants tested but one, which was reclassified to uncertain significance, led to a loss-of-function of SK2 channels. Patients with KCNN2 variants had motor and language developmental delay, intellectual disability often associated with early-onset movement disorders comprising cerebellar ataxia and/or extrapyramidal symptoms. Altogether, our findings provide evidence that heterozygous variants, likely causing a haploinsufficiency of the KCNN2 gene, lead to novel autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental movement disorders mirroring phenotypes previously described in rodents.
The Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ'07) is widely used internationally and is a useful measure to assist in the diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder. The aim ...of this study was to translate the DCDQ'07 into German, test the psychometric properties, and establish cutoff scores for the 5.0 to 7.11 age group.
A six-stage cross-cultural adaptation process was used. The psychometric properties of the DCDQ-German (DCDQ-G) were tested with a clinic sample of 55 children (mean age: 6.1 years) and community sample of 67 children (mean age: 5.6 years).
The internal consistency was high. Specificity and sensitivity for the total sample were 52.4 and 90%, respectively. Sensitivity for the clinic sample was 72.7% and specificity was 95%. The community sample had a sensitivity of 30% and a specificity of 86.7%.
The DCDQ-G is a valid instrument for use with a clinic population in the 5.0 to 7.11 age group. Research into older age groups is ongoing.
Defining different genetic subtypes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can enable the prediction of developmental outcomes. Based on minor physical and major congenital anomalies, we categorize 325 ...Canadian children with ASD into dysmorphic and nondysmorphic subgroups. We develop a method for calculating a patient-level, genome-wide rare variant score (GRVS) from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. GRVS is a sum of the number of variants in morphology-associated coding and non-coding regions, weighted by their effect sizes. Probands with dysmorphic ASD have a significantly higher GRVS compared to those with nondysmorphic ASD (P = 0.03). Using the polygenic transmission disequilibrium test, we observe an over-transmission of ASD-associated common variants in nondysmorphic ASD probands (P = 2.9 × 10
). These findings replicate using WGS data from 442 ASD probands with accompanying morphology data from the Simons Simplex Collection. Our results provide support for an alternative genomic classification of ASD subgroups using morphology data, which may inform intervention protocols.
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies due to its late diagnosis and limited response to treatment. Tractable methods to identify and interrogate pathways involved in pancreatic ...tumorigenesis are urgently needed. We established organoid models from normal and neoplastic murine and human pancreas tissues. Pancreatic organoids can be rapidly generated from resected tumors and biopsies, survive cryopreservation, and exhibit ductal- and disease-stage-specific characteristics. Orthotopically transplanted neoplastic organoids recapitulate the full spectrum of tumor development by forming early-grade neoplasms that progress to locally invasive and metastatic carcinomas. Due to their ability to be genetically manipulated, organoids are a platform to probe genetic cooperation. Comprehensive transcriptional and proteomic analyses of murine pancreatic organoids revealed genes and pathways altered during disease progression. The confirmation of many of these protein changes in human tissues demonstrates that organoids are a facile model system to discover characteristics of this deadly malignancy.
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•Pancreas organoids can be derived from mouse and human normal and neoplastic tissue•Orthotopically transplanted organoids recapitulate the stages of PDA tumorigenesis•Organoids can be used to discover new mediators of PDA progression•Human neoplastic organoid cultures can be established from endoscopic biopsies
Organoid cultures are derived from normal and neoplastic murine and human pancreas tissues. Orthotopic transplantation of organoids and analyses of organoid transcriptomes and proteomes provide insights into the molecular bases of pancreatic tumorigenesis.
Introduction
Children with chronic conditions have greater health care needs than the general paediatric population but may not receive care that centres their needs and preferences as identified by ...their families. Clinicians and researchers are interested in developing interventions to improve family‐centred care need information about the characteristics of existing interventions, their development and the domains of family‐centred care that they address. We conducted a scoping review that aimed to identify and characterize recent family‐centred interventions designed to improve experiences with care for children with chronic conditions.
Methods
We searched Medline, Embase, PsycInfo and Cochrane databases, and grey literature sources for relevant articles or documents published between 1 January 2019 and 11 August 2020 (databases) or 7–20 October 2020 (grey literature). Primary studies with ≥10 participants, clinical practice guidelines and theoretical articles describing family‐centred interventions that aimed to improve experiences with care for children with chronic conditions were eligible. Following citation and full‐text screening by two reviewers working independently, we charted data covering study characteristics and interventions from eligible reports and synthesized interventions by domains of family‐centred care.
Results
Our search identified 2882 citations, from which 63 articles describing 61 unique interventions met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The most common study designs were quasiexperimental studies (n = 18), randomized controlled trials (n = 11) and qualitative and mixed‐methods studies (n = 9 each). The most frequently addressed domains of family‐centred care were communication and information provision (n = 45), family involvement in care (n = 37) and access to care (n = 30).
Conclusion
This review, which identified 61 unique interventions aimed at improving family‐centred care for children with chronic conditions across a range of settings, is a concrete resource for researchers, health care providers and administrators interested in improving care for this high‐needs population.
Patient or Public Contribution
This study was co‐developed with three patient partner co‐investigators, all of whom are individuals with lived experiences of rare chronic diseases as parents and/or patients and have prior experience in patient engagement in research (I. J., N. P., M. S.). These patient partner co‐investigators contributed to this study at all stages, from conceptualization to dissemination.
Abstract
Background
Early presentation and initiation of appropriate anticonvulsants help in controlling epilepsy and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with epilepsy.
Objectives
This ...study aimed to assess the health-seeking behavior for pediatric epilepsy among caregivers in Southeast Nigeria and the associated sociodemographic factors.
Methodology
This study was a cross-sectional descriptive and questionnaire-based study. The participants were recruited consecutively.
Results
Majority of the caregivers were mothers, had some formal education, and were employed. While 50% of these caregivers did not seek any home treatment for seizures, the other half offered various types of unorthodox home treatments. Treatments in primary and secondary levels of care were the most common form of first point of care outside the home. The most common reasons for the choice of care outside the home were advice from relations and belief in the efficacy of care offered. About 45% of the caregivers presented to tertiary level of care within 6 months of seizure onset. The major motivators for seeking care in tertiary level of care were health workers and families of children with epilepsy.
Conclusion
There is a need to strengthen the primary and secondary levels of care through continuous medical education of health workers in these levels of care for effective management of epilepsy. This will help in making prompt and correct diagnosis, classification, and initiation of appropriate therapy in epilepsy.
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