Macrospora leaf spot (MLS), caused by the fungus Stenocarpella macrospora, is one of the most important diseases affecting maize in Brazil. However, there are no MLS-resistant cultivars commercially ...available. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the lesion expansion rate of MLS in four maize genotypes, leaf wetness duration (0-, 6-, 12-, 18-, 24-, 30-, 36-, 42-, and 54-hour post-inoculation), disease development severity in three maize genotypes, and resistance/tolerance levels to MLS in 141 maize genotypes commercially grown in Brazil. The estimates were performed using logistic models adjusted to the parameters analyzed, except for resistance/tolerance levels, which were analyzed using proposed severity and resistance scales. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Phytopathology of the Epagri/Cepaf, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, from 2016 to 2020. Disease resistance was significantly different among genotypes and fungal isolates. However, none of the genotypes showed resistance or high tolerance levels to MLS. Leaf wetness duration influenced maximum disease severity, and lesion expansion rate differed significantly among the genotypes tested. All information generated in this study is essential for breeding programs of maize for MLS resistance
This study investigated the effect of macrospora leaf spot (MLS), caused by Stenocarpella macrospora, on photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters determined in ...leaves of plants from two maize cultivars ('ECVSCS155' and 'HIB 32R48H') susceptible and highly susceptible, respectively, to S. macrospora. MLS severity was significantly lower in the leaves of plants from ECVSCS155 relative to the leaves of plants from HIB 32R48H. In both cultivars, net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate significantly decreased, while the internal to ambient CO2 concentration ratio increased in inoculated plants relative to noninoculated plants. The initial fluorescence and nonphotochemical quenching significantly increased in inoculated plants of ECVSCS155 and HIB 32R48H, respectively, relative to noninoculated plants. The maximum fluorescence, maximum PSII quantum efficiency, coefficient for photochemical quenching, and electron transport rate significantly decreased in inoculated plants relative to noninoculated plants. For both cultivars, concentrations of total chlorophyll (Chl) (a+b) and carotenoids and the Chl a/b ratio significantly decreased in inoculated plants relative to noninoculated plants. In conclusion, the results from the present study demonstrate, for the first time, that photosynthesis in the leaves of maize plants is dramatically affected during the infection process of S. macrospora, and impacts are primarily associated with limitations of a diffusive and biochemical nature.
In studies of plant stress signaling, a major challenge is the lack of non-invasive methods to detect physiological plant responses and to characterize plant-plant communication over time and space.
...We acquired time series of phytocompound and hyperspectral imaging data from maize plants from the following treatments: (1) individual non-infested plants, (2) individual plants experimentally subjected to herbivory by green belly stink bug (no visible symptoms of insect herbivory), (3) one plant subjected to insect herbivory and one control plant in a separate pot but inside the same cage, and (4) one plant subjected to insect herbivory and one control plant together in the same pot. Individual phytocompounds (except indole-3acetic acid) or spectral bands were not reliable indicators of neither insect herbivory nor plant-plant communication. However, using a linear discrimination classification method based on combinations of either phytocompounds or spectral bands, we found clear evidence of maize plant responses.
We have provided initial evidence of how hyperspectral imaging may be considered a powerful non-invasive method to increase our current understanding of both direct plant responses to biotic stressors but also to the multiple ways plant communities are able to communicate. We are unaware of any published studies, in which comprehensive phytocompound data have been shown to correlate with leaf reflectance. In addition, we are unaware of published studies, in which plant-plant communication was studied based on leaf reflectance.
La mancha angular es una de las enfermedades foliares más comunes del cultivo de frijol en el sur de Brasil. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del extracto de la macroalga Ulva fasciata ...en la severidad de la mancha angular, los niveles de pigmentos foliares y la productividad de los genotipos de frijol común IPR Uirapuru, CF 22 y Mouro graúdo, durante los años 2005 y 2006. Las plantas tratadas con el extracto de alga o el fungicida azoxistrobina se pulverizaron en los estados fenológicos V3, V5, R6 e R7. Plantas no tratadas se utilizaron como testigos. La severidad (%) de la enfermedad se estimó a partir del estado V3, para un total de seis evaluaciones cada año. Los valores de la severidad se calcularon como área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE). En el 2006 se determinaron los pigmentos foliares (clorofila a, b, total y carotenoides) y en los dos años se evaluó el rendimiento de granos, aunque en el 2005 solamente se evaluó el peso de mil granos. En conclusión, el control que ejerce el extracto de U. fasciata sobre la mancha angular depende de la interacción biológica entre el genotipo de frijol y el ambiente. Por otro lado, el extracto no afectó el contenido de los pigmentos foliares ni la producción de granos.
O uso das defesas naturais das plantas, com induções a partir da utilização de diferentes compostos e estímulos, aumentou significativamente desde a descoberta das vias metabólicas envolvidas na ...síntese de compostos especializados pelas plantas. Quando induzidas, as plantas liberam compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOCs) na atmosfera que podem atuar como comunicadores e eliciadores de plantas e organismos vizinhos. Esses VOCs podem causar interferências significativas nos resultados obtidos. Para mitigar essas interferências e garantir que os efeitos e resultados observados sejam atribuídos exclusivamente aos tratamentos avaliados, é fundamental realizar ensaios de eliciação vegetal em condições controladas com o uso de barreiras para evitar a troca de VOCs entre tratamentos. Para investigar a possível interferência causada por VOCs foi realizado um estudo comparando dois experimentos: um realizado em campo aberto (delineamento de blocos casualizados – DBC) e outro conduzido em condições controladas (delineamento inteiramente casualizado – DIC) com adaptações. O estudo constatou que, em média, foi observada uma interferência de mais de 22% nos parâmetros avaliados. Isso sugere que a presença de VOCs no ambiente de campo causa uma interferência significativa e afeta a confiabilidade dos resultados.
As podridões da base do colmo (PBC) e grãos ardidos (GA) ocorrem em lavouras de milho, causando prejuízos aos produtores e contaminando os grãos com micotoxinas. O objetivo deste estudo foi ...quantificar os efeitos do monocultivo de milho, da rotação de culturas com feijoeiro e da adubação nitrogenada na incidência de PBC e GA, nos teores de fumonisinas, peso de mil sementes (PMS) e no rendimento de grãos de milho. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições por tratamento. Na parcela principal, foram testados três híbridos de milho: P30F36, AS 1575 e Maximus. Nas subparcelas, foi avaliada a resposta dos híbridos a cinco doses de nitrogênio (N), equivalentes a 0; 75; 140; 215 e 290kg de N ha-1, em ambos os sistemas de cultivo. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para os valores médios de PBC, fumonisina e rendimento de grãos nos dois sistemas de cultivo avaliados. Para os valores médios de GA e PMS, ocorreram diferenças entre híbridos somente quando cultivados em rotação de cultura. A incidência dos parâmetros PBC e GA, quando em monocultura, foi superior aos encontrados quando cultivado em rotação de culturas. As variações médias do PMS e rendimento de grãos foram superiores quando em rotação, comparativamente ao sistema de cultivo em monocultura. As diferentes doses de N explicaram apenas parcialmente as variações observadas em todas as variáveis analisadas.
Macrospora leaf spot (MLS), caused by the fungus Stenocarpella macrospora, is one of the most important diseases affecting maize in Brazil. However, there are no MLS-resistant cultivars commercially ...available. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the lesion expansion rate of MLS in four maize genotypes, leaf wetness duration (0-, 6-, 12-, 18-, 24-, 30-, 36-, 42-, and 54-hour post-inoculation), disease development severity in three maize genotypes, and resistance/tolerance levels to MLS in 141 maize genotypes commercially grown in Brazil. The estimates were performed using logistic models adjusted to the parameters analyzed, except for resistance/tolerance levels, which were analyzed using proposed severity and resistance scales. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Phytopathology of the Epagri/Cepaf, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, from 2016 to 2020. Disease resistance was significantly different among genotypes and fungal isolates. However, none of the genotypes showed resistance or high tolerance levels to MLS. Leaf wetness duration influenced maximum disease severity, and lesion expansion rate differed significantly among the genotypes tested. All information generated in this study is essential for breeding programs of maize for MLS resistance
A ocorrência de doenças, como a ferrugem da folha (Puccinia triticina) e a mancha amarela (Drechslera tritici-repentis), pode reduzir a produtividade do trigo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o ...efeito da aplicação foliar de silicato de potássio (SP) e de fungicidas, no controle da ferrugem da folha e da mancha amarela, nos cultivares de trigo Safira e Quartzo. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas e com quatro repetições. Os cultivares foram alocados nas parcelas e, nas subparcelas, os tratamentos: T1 - testemunha, T2 - fungicida (azoxistrobina 60 g i.a./ha + ciproconazol 24 g i.a./ha) foram aplicados nos estádios 45 (final da elongação) e 58 (espigamento); T3 - SP (40 g/L), aplicado nos estádios 45 e 58 ; T4 - SP (40 g/L), aplicado no estádio 45, e fungicida aplicado no estádio 58; T5 - hidróxido de potássio (6,5 g/L) foi aplicado nos estádios 45 e 58. O volume de calda utilizado para as pulverizações foi de 250 L/ha. As severidades da ferrugem da folha e da mancha amarela foram avaliadas, a partir dos sete dias, após a primeira pulverização de SP e de fungicida, e, depois, a cada semana, totalizando cinco avaliações. Os dados foram utilizados para calcular a área abaixo da curva do progresso da ferrugem da folha (AACPFF) e a área abaixo da curva do progresso da mancha amarela (AACPMA). O SP, nas doses e número de aplicações avaliadas, não foi eficiente na redução da AACPMA e da AACPFF, nos dois cultivares.
Mycotoxins pose a large threat to human and livestock besides reducing the quality of food/feed. It is believed that these toxins are biosynthesized as a mechanism of defense (stress-response) of ...fungi. The most important mycotoxin for winter-cereal crops is known by deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene biosynthesized mainly by Fusarium graminearum. This manuscript brings data of three years (2018, 2019 and 2020) of field research (24 field experiments) in Western Santa Catarina and North-Western Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil using a sulphated polysaccharide exclusive from red seaweed, carrageenan, associated with fungicides to help suppressing deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels. A reduction of 36.4% in DON contamination was observed. Weather conditions have influenced the accumulation of DON in wheat kernels. Carrageenan has shown to be a biological compound capable of helping on the suppression of DON biosynthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels regardless of weather conditions.
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