Glioblastoma (GBM) is a severe malignant brain cancer with poor overall survival. Conventional intervention remains dismal to prevent recurrence and deterioration of GBM cell. Recent years have ...witnessed exciting breakthroughs in novel immune strategies, especially checkpoint inhibitors, some of which have become adjuvant setting after standard of care in melanoma. Several clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors are ongoing in glioblastoma and other brain carcinomas. Plus, synergistic combinations of checkpoint inhibitors with conventional therapy strategies-radiotherapy, temozolomide, bevacizumab, and corticosteroids are now being exploited and applied in clinical settings. This review highlights the recent developments of checkpoints in GBM immunotherapy to provide a brief and comprehensive review of current treatment options. Furthermore, we will discuss challenges remained, such as unique immune system of central nervous system (CNS), immune-related toxicities, synergies, and adverse interactions of combination therapies.
To improve the mechanical and antibacterial properties of traditional starch-based film, herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) were introduced to potato starch ...(PS, film-forming matrix) for the preparation of nanocomposite film without incorporation of additional antibacterial agents. CNCs with varied concentrations were added to PS and CS NPs composite system to evaluate the optimal film performance. The results showed that tensile strength (TS) of nanocomposite film with 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1% (
/
) CNCs incorporation were 41, 46, 47 and 41 MPa, respectively. The elongation at break (EAB) reached 12.5, 10.2, 7.1 and 13.3%, respectively. Due to the reinforcing effect of CNCs, surface morphology and structural properties of nanocomposite film were altered. TGA analysis confirmed the existence of hydrogen bondings and electrostatic attractions between components in the film-forming matrix. The prepared nanocomposite films showed good antibacterial properties against both
and
. The nanocomposite film, consist of three most abundant biodegradable polymers, could potentially serve as antibacterial packaging films with strong mechanical properties for food and allied industries.
Most P2‐type layered oxides exhibit a large volume change when they are charged into high voltage, and it further leads to bad structural stability. In fact, high voltage is not the reason which ...causes the irreversible phase transition. There are two internal factors which affect structural evolution: the amount and distribution of Na ions retained in the lattice. Hereon, a series of layered oxides Na2/3MnxNix−1/3Co4/3−2xO2 (1/3≤x≤2/3) were synthesized. It is observed that different components have different structural evolutions during the charge/discharge processes, and further researches find that the distribution of Na ions in layers is the main factor. By controlling the distribution of Na ions, the phase transition process can be well controlled. As the referential component, P2‐Na2/3Mn1/2Ni1/6Co1/3O2 cathode with uniform distribution of Na ions is cycled at the voltage window of 1.5–4.5 V, which exhibits a volume change as low as 1.9 %. Such a low strain is beneficial for cycling stability. The current work provides a new and effective route to regulate the structural evolution of the promising P2‐type layered cathode for sodium ion batteries.
The number and distribution of Na ions retained in lattice are two internal factors which affect structural evolution. Na ions can support the lattice structure like pillars, by regulating the distribution of Na ions, the process of phase transition can be controlled. As a result, the cathode can offer as high capacity as possible without obvious phase transition.
Probiotics plus dietary fiber has demonstrated efficacy in improving metabolic abnormalities. However, the efficacy of probiotics and dietary fiber as well as their association with microbiota in ...attenuating antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic disturbance remains poorly understood. Here we analyzed results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to compare and evaluate the effects of probiotics, dietary fiber, and their combination for antipsychotic-induced weight gain in patients with a severe mental disorder. We found that probiotics plus dietary fiber was significantly superior to probiotics alone, dietary fiber only, and the placebo for weight, BMI, and total cholesterol reduction; insulin resistance was worse in the placebo group, with significant increases during the 12-week treatment; probiotics plus dietary fiber significantly reduced weight and prevented further deterioration of metabolic disturbances; and probiotics or dietary fiber alone can prevent further weight gain. We further performed 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing revealed an increased abundance of microbiota after probiotics plus dietary fiber treatment. Moreover, logistic regression analyses revealed that the higher richness of microbiota was associated with favorable weight loss. These findings suggested that probiotics and dietary fiber co-administration were safe and effective interventions to reduce weight gain in patients treated with antipsychotic medications.
Novel hybrid ablation thermal protection coatings (FHMP‐ATPCs), employing iron trioxide (Fe2O3) powder, hollow glass microspheres, and mica powder as the fillers in hydroxyl‐terminated silicone ...oligomer‐bridged epoxy resins (PSG) copolymer, is investigated using an aerothermal‐vibration coupling test system. The ablation behavior and structural reliability of FHMP‐ATPCs with varying coating thickness were studied. During the test, the total enthalpy of airflow and dynamic pressures are 23 MJ/kg and 300 Pa, accompanied by the random vibration with a frequency of 20–2000 Hz and a total root‐mean‐square acceleration of 14.9g. The maximum surface and back‐face temperatures of the coating with the thickness of 2 mm reached 836.2°C and 156.4°C, respectively. Results also showed that the reduction of thickness obviously suppressed the surface temperature and increase in back‐face temperature yet maintaining high structural reliability. Compared with DGEBA‐based coatings, the PSG‐based coatings showed excellent structural reliability during the test. The study provides a solution for obtaining high performance ATPCs, which are highly desired for supersonic vehicles.
A novel quaternary FHMP‐ATPCs were prepared and its thermal insulation and vibration resistance properties were tested using the aerothermal‐vibration coupling test system. The FHMP‐ATPCs provides excellent thermal insulation with a back‐face temperature of 156.4°C and high structural reliability.
Lithium dendrite and side reactions are two major challenges for lithium metal anode. Here, the highly lithophilic triazine ring in the hydrogen-bonded organic framework is recommended to accelerate ...the desolvation process of lithium ions. Among them, the formation of Li–N bonds between lithium ions and the triazine ring in CAM reduces the diffusion energy barrier of Li+ crossing the SEI interface and the desolvation energy barrier of Li+ exiting from the solvent sheath so that the rapid and homogeneous deposition of lithium-ion can be achieved. Meanwhile, the lithium-ion migration coefficient can be as high as 0.70. CAM separator is used to assemble lithium metal batteries with nickel-rich cathodes (NCM 622). When N/P = 8 and 5, the capacity retention rates of Li-NCM 622 full cell are 78.2% and 80.5% after 200 and 110 cycles, respectively, and the Coulomb efficiency can be maintained at 99.5%, showing excellent cycle stability.
Thermal protection system (TPS) is crucial for hypersonic flight vehicles to effectively protect them against the aerothermal effect imposed on them during flying with high Mach number. A novel ...hybrid ablation thermal protection coatings (FHMP-ATPCs) on the surface of stainless steel substrate were prepared by doping iron trioxide (Fe2O3) powder, hollow glass microspheres (HGM) and mica powder (MP) into hydroxyl-terminated silicone oligomer-bridged epoxy resins (PSG) copolymer. The thermal insulation and structural reliability of the FHMP-ATPCs were investigated by a novel aerothermal-vibration coupling test system. During the test, the heat flux of the surface of coatings ranged from 400 kW/m2 to 700 kW/m2. Meanwhile, the vibration load was a random vibration with frequency range of 20–2000 Hz and root mean square of total acceleration (Grms) of 10.8 g. The maximum surface and back-face temperature reached 714.9 °C and 141.3 °C, respectively. Compared with epoxy resin based coatings，the PSG-based coatings showed excellent structural reliability during the test. This study demonstrates the robust effect of strategy of modifying epoxy resin with organosilicon in improving thermal insulation performance yet maintaining the structural reliability of the ablation thermal protection coatings, providing a promising route to achieve high-performance coatings.
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•An aerothermal-vibration coupling test system was constructed to simultaneously load aerothermal and vibration loads.•The thermal insulation and anti-vibration properties of the quaternary ATPCs were tested using the coupling test system.•The FHMP-ATPCs provides excellent thermal insulation with a temperature difference of 701.2 °C.•Compared with FHMD-ATPCs, the FHMP-ATPCs showed excellent anti-vibration properties during the test.
To solve the problems such as the dissolution and the poor conductivity of organic small molecule electrode materials, we construct π‐d conjugated coordination polymer Ni‐DHBQ with multiple ...redox‐active centers as lithium storage materials. It exhibits an ultra‐high capacity of 9‐electron transfers, while the π‐d conjugation and the laminar structure inside the crystal ensure fast electron transport and lithium ion diffusion, resulting in excellent rate performance (505.6 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 300 cycles). The interaction of Ni‐DHBQ with the binder CMC synergistically inhibits its dissolution and anchors the Ni atoms, thus exhibiting excellent cycling stability (650.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles). This work provides insight into the mechanism of lithium storage in π‐d conjugated coordination polymers and the synergistic effect of CMC, which will contribute to the molecular design and commercial application of organic electrode materials.
The π‐d conjugated coordination polymer Ni‐DHBQ exhibits an ultra‐high lithium storage capacity of 9‐electron transfer and excellent rate performance due to its multiple redox active centers, π‐d conjugation and laminar structure. Meanwhile, the binder CMC, like an octopus, has an appropriate interaction with both the ligand and Ni2+ of Ni‐DHBQ, thus reducing the solubility of Ni‐DHBQ and enhancing its cycle life.
In order to satisfy the requirements of thermal protection for hypersonic vehicles under high temperature and strong scour environment, a quaternary ablation thermal protection coatings (ATPCs) that ...incorporated micro-sized iron trioxide (Fe
2
O
3
) powder, hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) and mica powder into hydroxyl-terminated silicone oligomer-bridged epoxy resins (PSGs) was prepared on stainless steel substrate by a simple spraying method. The ATPCs were well adhered to the substrate and showed a uniform thickness of approximately 1 mm. The ablation behaviors of the ATPCs were investigated in an arc-jet. The aero-thermal parameters of the surface of ATPCs were not uniform, which heat flux ranged from 400 kW/m
2
to 700 kW/m
2
, and the dynamic pressures ranged from 100 to 124 kPa. Results shown that the maximum surface and back-face temperature reached 791.7 °C and 215.5 °C during ablation. In addition to some slender crack, no other obvious structural damage of the ATPCs was found. Furthermore, the structural reliability of the ATPCs under aero-thermal-random vibration (20–2000 Hz, Grms = 12 g) coupled environment was also investigated. The phenomenon of large area peeling of the ATPCs was not observed, which can be ascribed to the enhanced toughness and adhesion of modified epoxy resin. The study provides an important basis for obtaining high-performance ATPC, which is highly desired in hypersonic vehicles.
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