Background Deep learning (DL) algorithms are gaining extensive attention for their excellent performance in image recognition tasks. DL models can automatically make a quantitative assessment of ...complex medical image characteristics and achieve increased accuracy in diagnosis with higher efficiency. Purpose To determine the feasibility of using a DL approach to predict clinically negative axillary lymph node metastasis from US images in patients with primary breast cancer. Materials and Methods A data set of US images in patients with primary breast cancer with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes from Tongji Hospital (974 imaging studies from 2016 to 2018, 756 patients) and an independent test set from Hubei Cancer Hospital (81 imaging studies from 2018 to 2019, 78 patients) were collected. Axillary lymph node status was confirmed with pathologic examination. Three different convolutional neural networks (CNNs) of Inception V3, Inception-ResNet V2, and ResNet-101 architectures were trained on 90% of the Tongji Hospital data set and tested on the remaining 10%, as well as on the independent test set. The performance of the models was compared with that of five radiologists. The models' performance was analyzed in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic curves, areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs), and heat maps. Results The best-performing CNN model, Inception V3, achieved an AUC of 0.89 (95% confidence interval CI: 0.83, 0.95) in the prediction of the final clinical diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastasis in the independent test set. The model achieved 85% sensitivity (35 of 41 images; 95% CI: 70%, 94%) and 73% specificity (29 of 40 images; 95% CI: 56%, 85%), and the radiologists achieved 73% sensitivity (30 of 41 images; 95% CI: 57%, 85%;
= .17) and 63% specificity (25 of 40 images; 95% CI: 46%, 77%;
= .34). Conclusion Using US images from patients with primary breast cancer, deep learning models can effectively predict clinically negative axillary lymph node metastasis. Artificial intelligence may provide an early diagnostic strategy for lymph node metastasis in patients with breast cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.
See also the editorial by Bae in this issue.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been disclosed as one of the most promising energy storage systems. However, the low utilization of sulfur, the detrimental shuttling behavior of polysulfides, ...and the sluggish kinetics in electrochemical processes, severely impede their application. Herein, 3D hierarchical nitrogen‐doped carbon nanosheets/molybdenum phosphide nanocrystal hollow nanospheres (MoP@C/N HCSs) are introduced to Li–S batteries via decorating commercial separators to inhibit polysulfides diffusion. It acts not only as a polysulfides immobilizer to provide strong physical trapping and chemical anchoring toward polysulfides, but also as an electrocatalyst to accelerate the kinetics of the polysulfides redox reaction, and to lower the Li2S nucleation/dissolution interfacial energy barrier and self‐discharge capacity loss in working Li–S batteries, simultaneously. As a result, the Li–S batteries with MoP@C/N HCS‐modified separators show superior rate capability (920 mAh g−1 at 2 C) and stable cycling life with only 0.04% capacity decay per cycle over 500 cycles at 1 C with nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, the Li–S battery can achieve a high area capacity of 5.1 mAh cm−2 with satisfied capacity retention when the cathode loading reaches 5.5 mg cm−2. This work offers a brand new guidance for rational separator design into the energy chemistry of high‐stable Li–S batteries.
3D hierarchical nitrogen‐doped carbon nanosheets/molybdenum phosphide nanocrystal hollow nanospheres (MoP@C/N HCSs) are introduced to lithium–sulfur (Li–S) chemistry via decorating commercial separators to inhibit polysulfides shuttling. The Li–S batteries based on MoP@C/N HCS‐modified separators exhibit superior electrochemical performance and great potential for practical applications.
Transition metal selenides have been widely used in alkali metal ion batteries owing to their high specific capacities and low cost. However, their reaction kinetics and structural stability are ...usually poor during cycling, along with ambiguous differences in Li/Na/K‐storage behaviors. Herein, it is revealed that ZnSe possesses better Na+‐diffusion kinetics (including lower diffusion barrier, smaller activation energy, and higher diffusion coefficients) in comparison with Li+ and K+, as evidenced by theoretical calculations and electrochemical studies. The architectural designs of ZnSe‐based anode, including nitrogen‐doped carbon (N,C) and 3D ordered hierarchical pores (3DOHP) to form a 3DOHP ZnSe@N,C hybrid combined with regulating solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), significantly enhance Na+ reaction kinetics and accommodate volume changes. The resulting 3DOHP ZnSe@N,C electrodes exhibit outstanding rate capability and good cycling stability (241.6 mAh g−1 in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) at 10 A g−1 after 800 cycles), originating from improved electrical conductivity and shortened ion diffusion paths, accompanied by ultrathin and stable SEI with less Na2CO3/NaF in organic components and boosted Na2Se adsorption as sodiation. Moreover, the Na‐storage mechanism in 3DOHP ZnSe@N,C hybrid is further revealed by in situ studies. Accordingly, this study provides a new perspective for designing high‐performance electrode materials for SIBs.
A 3D ordered hierarchical porous ZnSe@N‐doped carbon hybrid with higher Na+ diffusion kinetics than Li+ and K+ is fabricated. Originating from architectural advantages and optimization of electrolytes, the hybrid delivers a low diffusion barrier and activation energy of Na+, accompanied by the formation of ultrathin solid electrolyte interphase to yield a long cycle life even at 10 A g−1 for sodium‐ion batteries.
Metallic selenides have been widely investigated as promising electrode materials for metal‐ion batteries based on their relatively high theoretical capacity. However, rapid capacity decay and ...structural collapse resulting from the larger‐sized Na+/K+ greatly hamper their application. Herein, a bimetallic selenide (MoSe2/CoSe2) encapsulated in nitrogen, sulfur‐codoped hollow carbon nanospheres interconnected reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO@MCSe) are successfully designed as advanced anode materials for Na/K‐ion batteries. As expected, the significant pseudocapacitive charge storage behavior substantially contributes to superior rate capability. Specifically, it achieves a high reversible specific capacity of 311 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 in NIBs and 310 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 in KIBs. A combination of ex situ X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy tests reveals the phase transition of rGO@MCSe in NIBs/KIBs. Unexpectedly, they show quite different Na+/K+ insertion/extraction reaction mechanisms for both cells, maybe due to more sluggish K+ diffusion kinetics than that of Na+. More significantly, it shows excellent energy storage properties in Na/K‐ion full cells when coupled with Na3V2(PO4)2O2F and PTCDA@450 °C cathodes. This work offers an advanced electrode construction guidance for the development of high‐performance energy storage devices.
Bimetallic selenides (MoSe2/CoSe2) encapsulated in nitrogen, sulfur‐codoped hollow carbon nanospheres interconnected reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO@MCSe) are successfully designed as advanced anode materials for Na/K‐ion batteries, which exhibit excellent electrochemical performance and great potential for practical applications.
Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are still confronted with several major challenges, including low energy and power densities, short‐term cycle life, and poor low‐temperature performance, which severely ...hinder their practical applications. Here, a high‐voltage cathode composed of Na3V2(PO4)2O2F nano‐tetraprisms (NVPF‐NTP) is proposed to enhance the energy density of SIBs. The prepared NVPF‐NTP exhibits two high working plateaux at about 4.01 and 3.60 V versus the Na+/Na with a specific capacity of 127.8 mA h g−1. The energy density of NVPF‐NTP reaches up to 486 W h kg−1, which is higher than the majority of other cathode materials previously reported for SIBs. Moreover, due to the low strain (≈2.56% volumetric variation) and superior Na transport kinetics in Na intercalation/extraction processes, as demonstrated by in situ X‐ray diffraction, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, and cyclic voltammetry at varied scan rates, the NVPF‐NTP shows long‐term cycle life, superior low‐temperature performance, and outstanding high‐rate capabilities. The comparison of Ragone plots further discloses that NVPF‐NTP presents the best power performance among the state‐of‐the‐art cathode materials for SIBs. More importantly, when coupled with an Sb‐based anode, the fabricated sodium‐ion full‐cells also exhibit excellent rate and cycling performances, thus providing a preview of their practical application.
A high‐voltage sodium‐super‐ion‐conductor‐type cathode significantly enhances the energy density of sodium‐ion batteries. Its low‐strain crystal lattice during the successive (de‐)sodiation and superior Na transport kinetics promise high‐rate capabilities, long‐term cycle life, superior low‐temperature performance, and excellent full‐cell performance, providing a preview of their practical applications.
Covalent organic frameworks (COF) possess a robust and porous crystalline structure, making them an appealing candidate for energy storage. Herein, we report an exfoliated polyimide COF composite ...(P‐COF@SWCNT) prepared by an in situ condensation of anhydride and amine on the single‐walled carbon nanotubes as advanced anode for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Numerous active sites exposed on the exfoliated frameworks and the various open pathways promote the highly efficient ion diffusion in the P‐COF@SWCNT while preventing irreversible dissolution in the electrolyte. During the charging/discharging process, K+ is engaged in the carbonyls of imide group and naphthalene rings through the enolization and π‐K+ effect, which is demonstrated by the DFT calculation and XPS, ex‐situ FTIR, Raman. As a result, the prepared P‐COF@SWCNT anode enables an incredibly high reversible specific capacity of 438 mA h g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 and extended stability. The structural advantage of P‐COF@SWCNT enables more insights into the design and versatility of COF as an electrode.
We prepare a polyimide covalent organic framework composite anode by effective in‐situ condensation of anhydride and amine on the surface of single‐walled carbon nanotubes. The construction of the conductive network accelerates the transport of electron. Dual electroactive sites in the framework, carbonyls and aromatic naphthalene rings, could store more potassium ions by the enolization and π‐K+ effect.
Conventional ion batteries utilizing metallic ions as the single charge carriers are limited by the insufficient abundance of metal resources. Although supercapacitors apply both cations and anions ...to store energy through absorption and/or Faradic reactions occurring at the interfaces of the electrode/electrolyte, the inherent low energy density hinders its application. The graphite‐cathode‐based dual‐ion battery possesses a higher energy density due to its high working potential of nearly 5 V. However, such a battery configuration suffers from severe electrolyte decomposition and exfoliation of the graphite cathode, rendering an inferior cycle life. Herein, a new surface‐modification strategy is developed to protect the graphite cathode from the anion salvation effect and the deposition derived from electrolyte decomposition by generating an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Such SEI‐modified graphite exhibits superior cycling stability with 96% capacity retention after 500 cycles under 200 mA g−1 at the upper cutoff voltage of 5.0 V, which is much improved compared with the pristine graphite electrode. Through several ex situ studies, it is revealed that the artificial SEI greatly stabilizes the interfaces of the electrode/electrolyte after reconstruction and gradual establishment of the optimal anion‐transport path. The findings shed light on a new avenue toward promoting the performance of the dual‐ion battery (DIB) and hence to make it practical finally.
An artificial layer of a solid electrolyte interphase is fabricated on a graphite cathode for a dual‐ion battery (DIB). Such surface modification can alleviate the electrolyte decomposition at the high working voltage of the anion de‐/intercalation processes and the solvation effect of anions, much improving the cycling stability of the Li//graphite DIB.
Transition metal selenides have been attracting significant attention owing to their high conductivity and theoretical capacity. In this article, the N‐doped carbon (NDC)‐coated Ni1.8Co1.2Se4 ...nanoparticles encapsulated in NDC nanoboxes are prepared from the bi‐metal organic framework (Ni3Co(CN)62·6H2O, Ni‐Co BMOF) after the selenization reaction and carbon coating. When used as an anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, the prepared anode material delivers excellent rate performance (211 and 153 mA h g−1 at ultrahigh current densities of 30 and 50 A g−1, respectively) and good cycling performance (379.3 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 100 cycles). More importantly, it also exhibits superior sodium‐ion full cell (SIFC) performance when coupled with a high‐voltage Na3V2(PO4)2O2F cathode recently self‐made by the authors. The fabricated SIFC gives an energy density up to 227 W h kg−1 and the capacity retention of above 97.6% even after 60 cycles at 0.4 A g−1 in a voltage range of 1.2–4.3 V at 25 °C. Moreover, the low‐temperature (from 25 to −25 °C) Na‐storage performance of the fabricated SIFC is also studied.
An advanced anode material with outstanding high‐rate and low‐temperature properties is developed for sodium‐ion half/full batteries. In it, there exists a 3D conductive network composed of N‐doped dual carbon (NDDC) and abundant void spaces between NDDC and Ni1.8Co1.2Se4 nanoparticles, acting as not only a highway to achieve fast charge transfer but also an effective protector for active Ni1.8Co1.2Se4 material.
Although ether‐based electrolytes have been extensively applied in anode evaluation of batteries, anodic instability arising from solvent oxidability is always a tremendous obstacle to matching with ...high‐voltage cathodes. Herein, by rational design for solvation configuration, the fully coordinated ether‐based electrolyte with strong resistance against oxidation is reported, which remains anodically stable with high‐voltage Na3V2(PO4)2O2F (NVPF) cathode under 4.5 V (versus Na+/Na) protected by an effective interphase. The assembled graphite//NVPF full cells display superior rate performance and unprecedented cycling stability. Beyond that, the constructed full cells coupling the high‐voltage NVPF cathode with hard carbon anode exhibit outstanding electrochemical performances in terms of high average output voltage up to 3.72 V, long‐term cycle life (such as 95 % capacity retention after 700 cycles) and high energy density (247 Wh kg−1). In short, the optimized ether‐based electrolyte enriches systematic options, the ability to maintain oxidative stability and compatibility with various anodes, exhibiting attractive prospects for application.
By rational design of the solvation configuration, a cation–solvent fully coordinated ether‐based electrolyte with strong oxidation resistance up to 4.5 V (versus Na+/Na) was developed and applied in graphite//NVPF and LHC//NVPF full cells which showed superior rate performance and unprecedented cycling stability.
Hard carbon is regarded as a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, it usually suffers from the issues of low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and poor rate performance, ...severely hindering its practical application. Herein, a flexible, self‐supporting, and scalable hard carbon paper (HCP) derived from scalable and renewable tissue is rationally designed and prepared as practical additive‐free anode for room/low‐temperature SIBs with high ICE. In ether electrolyte, such HCP achieves an ICE of up to 91.2% with superior high‐rate capability, ultralong cycle life (e.g., 93% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 200 mA g−1) and outstanding low‐temperature performance. Working mechanism analyses reveal that the plateau region is the rate‐determining step for HCP with a lower electrochemical reaction kinetics, which can be significantly improved in ether electrolyte.
A self‐supporting, flexible, additive‐free and scalable hard carbon paper (HCP) derived from tissue is rationally developed, and it achieves outstanding Na‐storage properties in terms of high initial Coulombic efficiency (91.2%), superior high‐rate capability, ultralong cyclic stability, as well as outstanding low‐T performance in ether electrolyte. More significantly, the Na‐storage and capacity attenuation mechanism of the HCP anode is revealed.
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