Deep learning technologies have enabled the development of a variety of deep learning models that can be used to detect plant leaf diseases. However, their use in the identification of soybean leaf ...diseases is currently limited and mostly based on machine learning methods. In this investigation an enhanced deep learning network model was developed to recognize soybean leaf diseases more accurately. The improved network model consists of three parts: feature extraction, attention calculation, and classification. The dataset used was first diversified through data augmentation operations such as random masking to enhance network robustness. An attention module was then used to generate feature maps at various depths. This increased the network's focus on discriminative features, reduced background noise, and enabled the use of the LeakyReLu activation function in the attention module to prevent situations in which neurons fail to learn when the input is negative. Finally, the extracted features were then integrated using a fully connected layer, and the predicted disease category inferred to improve the classification accuracy of soybean leaf diseases. The average recognition accuracy of the improved network model for soybean leaf diseases was 85.42% both higher than the six deep learning comparison models (ConvNeXt (66.41%), ResNet50 (72.22%), Swin Transformer (77.00%), MobileNetV3 (67.27%), ShuffleNetV2 (59.89%), and SqueezeNet (72.92%)), thus proving the effectiveness of the improved method.The model proposed in this paper was also tested on the grapevine leaf dataset, and the performance ability of the improved network model remained due to other common network models, and overall the proposed network model was very effective in leaf disease identification.
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•GLT improved hepatocyte cellular and hippocampal neurons morphology of aged rats.•Expression of FOXO4 and SIRT1 genes was up-regulated by GLT intervention.•PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway ...activation was associated with reversed cognitive impairment.•Current results highlight potent roles of GLT on improving the aging status.
This study investigated effects of triterpenoids derived from Ganoderma lucidum (GLT) on the ability to attenuate cognitive impairment and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation induced by D-galactose using an aged rats model. The data revealed that dietary GLT intervention improved the memory of aged rats in a water maze experiment. A reduction in inflammation was also achieved as GLT decreased the levels of MDA, AGEs, NO, TNF-α and AChE activity, and increased the activity of T-AOC, GSH-Px, T-SOD, CAT and IL-2 level in serum. The GLT intervention revised hepatocyte cellular arrangement and binucleation of the liver status, and even hippocampal neurons morphology. GLT upregulated the expression of FOXO4, SIRT1, and downregulated the expression of GFAP, iNOS, PI3K, AKT, mTOR and IL-6 with activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The current study highlights a promising dietary approach for prevention or alleviation of oxidative stress, inflammation and cognitive impairment induced by age-related conditions.
In content-based image retrieval (CBIR), an image retrieval method combining deep learning semantic feature extraction and regularization Softmax is proposed for the “semantic gap” between the ...underlying visual features and high-level semantic features. First, the deep Boltzmann machine (DBM) and the convolutional neural network (CNN) in the deep learning method are combined to construct a convolution depth Boltzmann machine (C-DBM), which enables it to extract High-order semantic features of images, and robust to image scaling, affine and other transformations. Then, the Dropout regularized Softmax classifier is used to classify the image features. Finally, the image is retrieved according to the sort output. The experimental results show that the proposed method can extract semantic features effectively and has high retrieval accuracy. The classification precision rate in STL-10 image data set reaches 60.3%.
To meet with the requirement of proton exchange membrane in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), sulfonated poly(aryle ether ketone sulfone)/ polypyrrole(SPAEKS/Ppy) composite membranes with different ...contents of Ppy were prepared by chemically in situ polymerization. FT-IR spectra suggested that the sulfonic groups on SPAEKS copolymers interacted with N groups of Ppy. SEM pictures showed that the Ppy particles were uniformly distributed throughout the SPAEKS membranes matrix. The composite membranes showed good thermal stability, low water uptake, and high proton conductive capability. The methanol diffusion coefficient (1.18 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/s) of the composite membrane with 15% Ppy was much lower than that of pure SPAEKS membrane (8.52 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/s). The composite membranes showed very good potential usage in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
•High-grade highways may destabilize underlying permafrost in permafrost regions.•The cooling effect of a novel composite embankment is evaluated by a field experiment.•The composite embankment can ...effectively protect the underlying permafrost in the field experiment.•This composite embankment is a better candidate for separated high-grade highways in permafrost regions.
High-grade highways designed for large traffic volumes need wider embankments than railways and low-grade highways. In permafrost regions, a wide and dark-colored asphalt pavement surface of high-grade highways may destabilize underlying permafrost if the embankment is insufficiently cooled, especially under a warming climate. However, the embankments with single commonly cooling technique, e.g. two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) embankment and crushed-rock embankment cannot satisfy the cooling requirement of high-grade highways because of their limited cooling capacities. Here, we use a full-scale field experiment of a separated high-grade highway with double lanes each direction at Beiluhe in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to investigate the thermal characteristics of a novel composite embankment combined with L-shaped TPCTs, crushed-rock revetments and insulation, as well as an unprotected embankment (as a control). Experimental results indicate that the composite embankment can effectively cool the underlying permafrost and raise the permafrost table under the separated high-grade highway with a wide and dark-colored pavement, whereas the unprotected embankment cannot. This composite embankment should be considered for application to separated high-grade highways with double lanes each direction in permafrost regions, such as the planned Qinghai-Tibet Expressway.
•Ecosystem respirations in alpine meadow were higher than those in steppe.•The permafrost table affects the ERRs in these ecosystems.•Temperature affects ecosystem respiration and ecosystem exchange ...on Tibet Plateau.•Warming has a greater effect on strengthening carbon sink in meadow and wet meadow.
Warming will increase the carbon flux in permafrost regions, and this process may be linked with permafrost via soil hydrothermal conditions. We measured the ecosystem respiration rates (ERRs) of alpine wet meadow, alpine meadow, and alpine steppe monthly during the growing seasons in 2014 and 2016 on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The results showed that the temperature sensitivity (Q10) values of the ERR in alpine wet meadow and alpine meadow were higher than those in alpine steppe. The permafrost table is significantly correlated with soil temperature and moisture, thus, affects the ERRs in these ecosystems. After a 2-year warming experiment using open-top chambers (OTCs), the change rates of ERR (35.0–35.2%) were higher than those of gross primary production (GPP) (27.5–30.3%), while the absolute changes of GPP were greater than ERR. The average daytime NEE decreased by 16.5% to 21.3%, indicating more carbon assimilation was enhanced by the experimental warming. Our results show that ecosystem respiration rates in meadow and wet meadow are more sensitive to temperature increasing than those in steppe. The meadow and wet meadow ecosystems in permafrost regions on the northern QTP will assimilate more carbon than steppe in the growing seasons under climate warming scenarios.
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•Acylated starch intervention improved glucose and lipids metabolisms.•T2D led to an reduced branched amino acids rather than acylated starch intervention.•Depression of SCFAs in the ...gut may further disorder the diabetic syndromes.•The anti-diabetic effect of HAMSA was greater than that of HAMSP and HAMSB.
This study investigated correlations between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetic (T2D) indexes using either native resistant starch (RS, from high amylose maize starch, HAMS) or acylated starch via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acylation. Compared to HAMS, consumption of acylated starch achieved a greater impact on the improvement of T2D indexes in term of body weight loss, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin level and amino acid metabolism. Intervention with acylated starches alleviated metabolism disorders and modified the gut microbiota. This study found all the acylated starch significantly enhanced the growth of SCFAs-producing bacteria compared to its native HAMS, and this change was highly consistent with their corresponding SCFAs concentration both in serum and fecal samples. This is the first reported to reveal that propionylated HAMS promoted the abundance of Bifidobacterium, while acetylated and butylated HAMS benefited the enrichment of Coprococcus, Butyricimonas and Blautia, which may indicate their different intervention pathway.
Purpose/significance the global Most Admired Knowledge Enterprises (MAKE) is the most authoritative international knowledge management award. Currently, the holistic introduction about MAKE award is ...rare in the official journals, let alone the first-hand experience. Method/process Based on the analysis about annual MAKE winners and released reports, combined with years of personal participating experience in the MAKE award competition, the systematical body of knowledge about MAKE awards wasintroduced, including the basic situation, the evaluation criteria, the evaluation procedure and lessons, etc. Result/conclusionAs more and more enterprises begin to take a broad view of the world, there is no doubt that it has of great significance to those organizations who aspire to excel and participate in the international benchmarking stage.
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•LAB-FWB reduced F/B ratio and returned HFD-dependent bacteria back to be normalized.•LAB-FWB significantly enriced lipid-related pathways in the liver, but not for WB.•All LAB-FWB ...treatment led to an enriched steroid hormone biosynthesis in liver.•Treatment with LGG-WB exerted the greatest function on alleviating obesity syndromes.
Wheat bran (WB) was fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis (LAB-FWB), respectively, and their corresponding mechanism of obesity alleviation via gut microbiota and lipid metabolism was investigated. Results indicated LAB-FWB reduced body weight and serum glucose, followed by an improved lipid profile in obese mice compared with WB. All LAB-FWB interventions led to an enriched steroid hormone biosynthesis. LGG-WB significantly up-regulated genes in arachidonic acid metabolism, bile secretion and linoleic acid metabolism. While LB-WB down-regulated genes in PPAR signaling pathway and LP-WB up-regulated genes in linoleic acid metabolism, indicate their different regulation patterns. Furthermore, LAB-FWB reduced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and returned HFD-dependent bacteria Colidextribacter and Erysipelatoclostridium to be normalized. Interestingly, LAB-FWB significantly enriched lipid-related pathways, benefiting xanthohumol, prostaglandin F2alpha, LPI 18:2 and lipoamide biosynthesis in lipid metabolic pathway, but not found in WB group. Among them, treatment with LGG-WB exerted the greatest function on alleviating obesity syndromes.
Climate warming causes profound consequences on permafrost distribution throughout the high-latitude regions of the globe. Xing'an permafrost in China is the southernmost part of high-latitude ...permafrost and is constantly changing. However, understanding on this change process of permafrost is limited. On the basis of digital elevation model (DEM) data, meteorological station, survey data and the meteorological forcing dataset in the northern northeast area in China, we calculated the mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST), the frost number (Fn) of air temperature (Ta), and the ground surface temperature (GST) with the Fn model. The change in permafrost were analyzed from 1980 to 2010 by statistical and empirical/semi-empirical models. Comparison of the calculated results with the published frozen ground map and survey data, the description on permafrost distribution was more accurate using the Fn of GST than Ta. Permafrost zoning was performed using Fn of GST results and continuous coefficient. The area of permafrost changed from 2.21 × 105 Km2 to 4.87 × 105 Km2. The degradation trend was from low-to high-altitude areas and from continuous to discontinuous permafrost. The permafrost was significantly degraded from the 1980s to the 1990s. The degradation rate slowed down from the 2000s, and some areas have been developed. This work provides basic data and reference for regional permafrost research and project in cold areas.
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