This paper evaluates the recoverable unconventional oil and gas resources around the world, reveals main controlling factors and potential regions for the rich accumulation of unconventional oil and ...gas, and standardizes the classification of seven types of resources (i.e., heavy oil, oil sand, tight oil, oil shale, shale gas, tight gas, and coalbed methane). By virtue of commercial databases for global petroliferous basins, together with single-well data packages in North America and basic data of exploration and development of Chinese companies in unconventional oil and gas resources blocks around the world, contour maps of abundance for global recoverable resources are formed through spatial graphic interpolation of key assessment parameters of seven types of unconventional oil and gas resources on the Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, which systematically evaluate the potential of seven types of unconventional oil and gas resources. The assessment reveals: (1) These seven types of resources around the world are distributed predominantly in 476 formations in 363 petroliferous basins. (2) Total recoverable unconventional oil and gas resources in the world are respectively 442.1 billion tons and 227 trillion cubic meters. (3) Unconventional oil and gas resources can be divided into “source-bound type” and “strata-bound type”. The “source-bound type” resources are mainly controlled by 6 groups of high-quality source rock around the world, among which, the tight oil and gas resources are featured by the “integration of reservoir and source”, presenting the best prospect for the development and application, and the “strata-bound type” oil sand and heavy oil resources, controlled by the transformation of the late structure, are mainly distributed in the slope belt of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins, presenting a good prospect for the resource development and application in the shallow layers. (4) Besides hot spots in North America, tight oil in the West Siberia Basin and the Neuquen Basin as well as heavy oil in the Arab Basin will become potential targets for the development of unconventional oil and gas resources in the future.
Based on the latest seismic, logging and reservoir reserve data, through hydrocarbon accumulation elements analysis, the play of Putomayo-Oriente-Maranon (POM) basin, South America is divided. The ...POM basin was divided into 9 plays, and the undiscovered petroleum resources of these plays are estimated as 11.0×108t by using subjective probability method and scale sequential method; and the total undiscovered petroleum resources of the Hollin sandstone play, Napo T member sandstone play, Napo U member sandstone play and Napo M1 member sandstone play are 10.4×108t (accounting for 94% of the whole basin). Based on hydrocarbon accumulation factors analysis, including source rock, reservoir, trap, migration, seal and preservation, the plays have been evaluated and ranked by using double factors method of resources-geological risks, including four class I plays, two class II and three class III plays. Favorable exploration areas have been optimized by using “play area overlaying” method: the central part of the basin is the class I favorable area.
Aimed at the small size, large quantity of traps and high environmental requirements of resource countries on slope belt of South America foreland basins, a new evaluation method is proposed for trap ...exploration on slope by taking the area controlled by a cluster platform as one evaluation unit. The evaluation process is: (1) trap geological risk analysis: including key oil & gas accumulation element analysis such as source, reservoir, seal, trap, migration and preservation; (2) trap resources calculation: including trap resources calculated with volumetric method, trap accumulation probability evaluation by geological risk analysis, and finally the risk trap resources by multiplying the above two values; (3) platform and drilling target selection: count the total risk trap resources and average risk trap resource of different platform and rank the drilling platforms according to the calculated resources; and rank the trap drilling sequence according to the risk trap resources. The method was used in ranking undrilled traps in the M1 layer of Block X, Oriente Basin, and the platform construction and trap drilling order was recommended accordingly which shows good results in practice.
Oriente-Maranon Basin is one of the Sub-Andean foreland basins developed and formed on the basis of Margin of Craton. Oriente-Maranon Basin went through three evolution phases: marginal basin of ...craton, rift basin and foreland basin. The phase of rift basin formed the primary source rocks and reservoir and seal. Triassic-Jurassic Pucara Group and Cretaceous Chonta Formation generated a mass of hydrocarbons in Paleocene-Eocene (60–45 Ma) and Miocene (15–5 Ma), respectively. There are several reservoir-seal assemblages developed in the foreland basin. The assemblage of self-generating and self-preserving reservoir was the most important type in Cretaceous Chonta Formation. There are basement-involved thrust traps and detached thrust faulted/folded traps in western basin, drape and extruding anticline traps in central basin, and traction anticline traps in eastern basin. The different types of traps are distributed along the NW-SE direction. Four potential exploration targets are: Drape and extruding anticline traps in the source rock drainage area in Chonta Formation in central-western basin; Traction and extruding anticline traps in the source rock drainage area in Pucara Group in central-southern basin; Pucara Group Carbonate traps in central basin; Lithologic traps in upper Cretaceous and lithology-stratigraphy traps in upper Paleozoic in the northern and eastern exploratory area.
Oriente-Maranon盆地是古生代克拉通边缘基础上发展和形成的次安第斯山 (Sub-Andeans)前陆盆地之一, 经历了克拉通边缘盆地→裂谷盆地→前陆盆地3个演化阶段。盆地内主要的烃源岩及储、盖组合均发育在裂谷盆地阶段, 三叠系—侏罗系Pucara群和白垩系Chonta组2套主要烃源岩的排烃高峰期分别是古新世—始新世 (距今60∼45 Ma)和中新世 (距今15∼5 Ma)。Chonta组自生自储组合是最重要的成藏组合。盆地西部发育逆冲断层/褶皱圈闭和基底卷入圈闭, 中部发育挤压或披覆背斜, 东部发育牵引背斜圈闭, 不同类型的圈闭沿北西—南东走向呈带状分布。有潜力的勘探领域包括中西部白垩系Chonta组烃源岩供油区域的披覆和挤压背斜圈闭, 中部和南部侏罗系Pucara群烃源岩供油区域的牵引背斜圈闭和挤压背斜圈闭, 中部的Pucara群碳酸盐岩圈闭, 北部和东部成熟探区上白垩统岩性圈闭和上古生界构造-地层圈闭。
Based on special exploitation mode of heavy oil-oil sand, this paper established a recoverable reserves calculation method for heavy oil-oil sand. First, calculate recoverable reserves of single ...exploitation mode according to oil layer selection criterion including four parameters of buried depth, single layer thickness, porosity and oil saturation for different exploitation models. Second, calculate recoverable reserves for different exploitation model combination and the max recoverable reserves of the block; Last, set up heavy oil-oil sand recoverable reserves database. The method has great correlation with PRMS reserves evaluation system. The method has been used in the heavy oil classification evaluation for larger M of the J block in Venezuela heavy oil belt, the recoverable reserves are 4.06×108 t, 15.23×108 t and 7.40×108 t respectively by cold production, steam drive and steam-assisted gravity drainage, and the max recoverable reserves are 15.97×108 t, which provides reserves basement for block development.
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Exploration and development experience show that there is obvious oil gravity difference between the southern part and northern part of the “M1” reservoir in the Fanny oil field in the slope of the ...Oriente Basin, Ecuador. The American Petroleum Institute Gravity (API) values of oils in the northern part are higher than the one in the southern part of the Fanny oil field, with the values of 20° and 10.0°–13.0°, respectively. So the primary purpose of this study was to analyze the heavy oil characteristics of biodegradation and the oil–oil correlation according to the biomarker data and the δ13C signature of oil samples from T block. The results of the hydrocarbon gas chromatography fingermark and the inversion attribute characteristics indicated that there are fluid compartments between the “M1” reservoir of Fanny south. Finally, the models of oil–gas accumulation under the control of multiple‐activities of complicated fault systems, as well as the origin of heavy oil, are contended. The early stage oils from the western part of the basin were biodegraded heavily in varying degrees in the whole basin, and the later stage oils were derived from the southern part in a large scale and were mature and lighter. Generally, oil mixing is the primary control of net oil properties, such as API gravity in Oriente Basin. We therefore predicted that the API gravity variation of oil pools radically depends on the injection amount of the later stage oil. Because of the shale barrier in the “M1” reservoir of Fanny south, the later stage hydrocarbon could not pass through and contribute to increase the oil API value.
Exploration and development experience show that there is obvious oil gravity difference between the southern part and northern part of the ＂M1＂reservoir in the Fanny oil field in the slope of the ...Oriente Basin, Ecuador. The American Petroleum Institute Gravity （API） values of oils in the northern part are higher than the one in the southern part of the Fanny oil field, with the values of 20° and 10.0°-13.0°, respectively. So the primary purpose of this study was to analyze the heavy oil characteristics of biodegradation and the oil-oil correlation according to the biomarker data and the δ^13C signature of oil samples from T block. The results of the hydrocarbon gas chromatography fingermark and the inversion attribute characteristics indicated that there are fluid compartments between the ＂M1＂ reservoir of Fanny south. Finally, the models of oil-gas accumulation under the control of multiple-activities of complicated fault systems, as well as the origin of heavy oil, are contended. The early stage oils from the western part of the basin were biodegraded heavily in varying degrees in the whole basin, and the later stage oils were derived from the southern part in a large scale and were mature and lighter. Generally, oil mixing is the primary control of net oil properties, such as API gravity in Oriente Basin. We therefore predicted that the API gravity variation of oil pools radically depends on the injection amount of the later stage oil. Because of the shale barrier in the ＂M1＂reservoir of Fanny south, the later stage hydrocarbon could not pass through and contribute to increase the oil API value.
At present, Mammography is one of the most effective methods to detect early breast cancers. However, the signs of most micro-calcifications that are the early signs of malignant tumours cannot ...appear clearly in an inhomogeneous background because of the complicated structures in breast. As a rule, a tool of magnified glass is required to enlarge mammograph views to check the characteristics of a suspected lesion, but there is at least 15 percent of breast cancer that is still missed. Without specific feature, when doctors have to relay on clinical histology, this will causes a large number of misdiagnosis with false negative or false positive even decrease the rate of detection, furthermore, causing pain to the patients. Therefore, it is a crucial task to need a reliable and effective approach to assist the micro-calcifications detection. This paper uses a new technology to extract micro-calcifications clusters with accurate edge effects to obtain much more hidden information which can't be detected by the naked eye on mammograms in order to help the doctors in diagnosing early breast cancer. In this paper, this research combines the findings of histopathology in benign or malignant calcifications and uses the typical application examples with the contrastive analysis to do a relevant expatiation.
Towards automated mammograph image analysis Jeffrey Zhi-jie Zheng; Liang Lu; Yinfu Xie
2005 IEEE International Conference on Information Acquisition,
2005
Conference Proceeding
Two alternative practices are commonly followed when detecting and/or describing breast cancer tumors on mammography images. Medical radiologists normally describe the tumor in words, making ...reference to its mass, shape and margins. Meanwhile, pattern recognition specialists have their own methodologies. Since there are significant gaps between two approaches, it has proven to be very difficult for those following the pattern recognition route to directly adapt parameters of mass, shape and margins for the automated recognition of different cancers. This paper describes a joint R&D project of Yunnan University & Yunnan First People's Hospital. A meta-shape tool and conjugate meta-feature clustering technology have been developed. These represent initial steps in the descriptions of mass, shape and margins on the road towards possible automated mammograph image analysis. In this model, ten meta-shape feature clusters are used to provide a systematic means of representing different cancerous symptoms. To indicate potential applications, a group of selected results are outlined to illustrate possible linkages between the two approaches.
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