Dynamic gating of infrared radiation in a textile Zhang, Xu A; Yu, Shangjie; Xu, Beibei ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
02/2019, Letnik:
363, Številka:
6427
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The human body absorbs and loses heat largely through infrared radiation centering around a wavelength of 10 micrometers. However, neither our skin nor the textiles that make up clothing are capable ...of dynamically controlling this optical channel for thermal management. By coating triacetate-cellulose bimorph fibers with a thin layer of carbon nanotubes, we effectively modulated the infrared radiation by more than 35% as the relative humidity of the underlying skin changed. Both experiments and modeling suggest that this dynamic infrared gating effect mainly arises from distance-dependent electromagnetic coupling between neighboring coated fibers in the textile yarns. This effect opens a pathway for developing wearable localized thermal management systems that are autonomous and self-powered, as well as expanding our ability to adapt to demanding environments.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused much morbidity and mortality to patients but also health care providers.
We tabulated the cases of physician deaths from COVID-19 associated with front-line work in ...hopes of mitigating future events.
On 15 April 2020, a Google internet search was performed using the keywords 'doctor', 'physician', 'death', 'COVID' and 'coronavirus' in English and Farsi, and Chinese using the Baidu search engine. The age, sex and medical speciality of physicians who died from COVID-19 in the line of duty were recorded. Individuals greater than 90 years of age were excluded.
We found 278 physicians who died with COVID-19 infection, but complete details were missing for 108 individuals. The average age of the physicians was 63.7 years with a median age of 66 years, and 90% were male (235/261). General practitioners and emergency room doctors (108/254), respirologists (5/254), internal medicine specialists (13/254) and anaesthesiologists (6/254) comprised 52% of those dying. Two per cent of the deceased were epidemiologists (5/254), 2% were infectious disease specialists (4/254), 6% were dentists (16/254), 4% were ENT (9/254) and 3% were ophthalmologists (8/254). The countries with the most reported physician deaths were Italy (121/278; 44%), Iran (43/278; 15%), Philippines (21/278; 8%), Indonesia (17/278; 6%), China (16/278; 6%), Spain (12/278; 4%), USA (12/278; 4%) and UK (11/278;4%).
Physicians from all specialities may die from COVID. Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death. Consideration should be made to exclude older physicians from front-line work.
Summary
Background
Early detection of melanoma is essential to reduce mortality. Total body photography (TBP) can facilitate the detection of melanoma in high‐risk individuals. However, the accuracy ...of TBP in diagnosing melanoma remains unclear.
Objectives
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of TBP for the detection of melanoma in adults.
Methods
MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane and Centre for Reviews databases were searched from inception to 26 May 2020. Studies that included TBP for diagnosing melanoma with at least one follow‐up appointment were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review if they provided data to calculate at least one diagnostic accuracy measure. Two authors independently screened articles, extracted data and assessed quality. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer.
Results
In total, 10 studies were included, comprising 41 703 patients who underwent TBP and 6203 biopsies. Melanoma in situ (MIS) was diagnosed in 315 (5·1%) lesions and invasive melanoma was diagnosed in 187 (3·0%) lesions biopsied. Summary estimates for TBP in diagnosing melanoma were calculated as follows: mean percentage of biopsies positive for MIS or melanoma was 15% 95% confidence interval (CI) 10–21, number needed to biopsy (NNB) was 8·6 (range 2·3–19·6), naevus : melanoma ratio was 7·6 (range 1·3–18·6), and MIS : melanoma ratio was 1·7 (1·0–3·5). Regression analysis showed a negative correlation between NNB and MIS : melanoma ratio.
Conclusions
Available data regarding the diagnostic accuracy of TBP are heterogeneous, owing to variability in the risk profile of cohorts and TBP protocols. Best current estimates suggest that TBP for diagnosing melanoma has an acceptable NNB in high‐risk patients. However, prospective diagnostic test accuracy studies are needed to gauge the diagnostic accuracy of TBP.
What is already known about this topic?
Early detection of melanoma is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Total body photography (TBP) can facilitate the detection of melanoma in high‐risk individuals.
The accuracy of TBP in diagnosing melanoma is unknown.
What does this study add?
Best current estimates suggest that the use of TBP for the diagnosis of melanoma has an acceptable number needed to biopsy in patients at high risk of melanoma.
There is heterogeneity in the design and delivery of studies evaluating TBP in high‐risk patients.
There is a need for robustly designed prospective diagnostic test accuracy studies, in order to assess the diagnostic accuracy of TBP.
Linked Comment: H. Kittler. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:241.
Plain language summary available online
Aims.
We report our multiwavelength observations of two homologous circular-ribbon flares in active region 11991 on 2014 March 5, focusing on the transverse oscillations of an extreme-ultraviolet ...(EUV) loop excited by the flares.
Methods.
The flares were observed in ultraviolet and EUV wavelengths by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft. These flares were also observed in H
α
line center by the 1 m New Vacuum Solar Telescope. Soft X-ray fluxes of the flares in 0.5–4 and 1–8 Å were recorded by the GOES spacecraft.
Results.
The transverse oscillations are of fast standing kink mode. The first-stage oscillation triggered by the C2.8 flare is decayless with lower amplitudes (310–510 km). The periods (115–118 s) in different wavelengths are nearly the same, indicating coherent oscillations. The magnetic field of the loop is estimated to be 65–78 G. The second-stage oscillation triggered by the M1.0 flare is decaying with larger amplitudes (1250–1280 km). The periods decrease from 117 s in 211 Å to 70 s in 171 Å, implying a decrease of loop length or an implosion after a gradual expansion. The damping time, which is 147–315 s, increases with the period, so that the values of
τ
/
P
are close to each other in different wavelengths. The thickness of the inhomogeneous layer is estimated to be ∼0″.45 under the assumption of resonant absorption.
Conclusions.
This is the first observation of the excitation of two kink-mode loop oscillations by two sympathetic flares. The results are important to understand the excitation of kink oscillations of coronal loops and hence the energy balance in the solar corona. Our findings also validate the prevalence of significantly amplified amplitudes of oscillations by successive drivers.
Background
Riehl's melanosis often poses a diagnostic challenge because of the variability in clinical morphology. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), similar to dermoscopy, images lesions in an ...en face plane, thus enabling direct correlations with dermoscopic images. No published data are currently available regarding dermoscopic and RCM findings in Riehl's melanosis.
Objectives
The aim of our study was to correlate the features of Riehl's melanosis across various imaging modalities including dermoscopy, confocal microscopy and histopathological examination to give a more precise description of this disease to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.
Methods
Fifteen patients with a previously established diagnosis of Riehl's melanosis were recruited. All lesions were imaged using dermoscope and in vivo RCM, followed by complete excision for histopathological analysis.
Results
A series of dermoscopic and RCM features of Riehl's melanosis were identified and shown to correlate well with histopathological examination. Pseudonetworks, grey dots/granules, liquefaction of basal cells, incontinence of pigment were the most distinctive characteristic.
Conclusions
This study highlights the clinical, dermoscopic, confocal microscopic and histopathological features of Riehl's melanosis. It is necessary to further define the diagnostic features of clinically difficult lesions with these modalities, but clinical evaluation should not be neglected.
•Improved implementation of OpenACC is adopted to accelerate LB simulation.•A speedup around 50–60X can be achieved for multiphysics LB simulation.•Benchmark quality results are obtained with fine ...grid of 20492.
We assess the performance of the combined Open Accelerator (OpenACC) programming standard and graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerator for lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations of fluid flow, heat and mass transfer. By optimizing the data layout, minimizing the memory access frequency, and adjusting the number of gangs and vector length, we show that the enhanced parallel computations can result in orders of magnitudes of speedup relative to the serial implementation of the LB algorithm. Based on such implementations, benchmark quality results are obtained with fine grid of 20492 for both two-dimensional lid driven cavity flow with Reynolds number up to 7500, and double diffusive cavity flow with solute Rayleigh number up to 108.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects the central nervous system (CNS) and analyzing CSF aids the diagnosis of CNS diseases, but our understanding of CSF leukocytes remains superficial. Here, using ...single cell transcriptomics, we identify a specific location-associated composition and transcriptome of CSF leukocytes. Multiple sclerosis (MS) - an autoimmune disease of the CNS - increases transcriptional diversity in blood, but increases cell type diversity in CSF including a higher abundance of cytotoxic phenotype T helper cells. An analytical approach, named cell set enrichment analysis (CSEA) identifies a cluster-independent increase of follicular (TFH) cells potentially driving the known expansion of B lineage cells in the CSF in MS. In mice, TFH cells accordingly promote B cell infiltration into the CNS and the severity of MS animal models. Immune mechanisms in MS are thus highly compartmentalized and indicate ongoing local T/B cell interaction.
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide with poor prognosis for lack of early detection and effective treatment modalities. The significant influence of tumor ...microenvironment on malignant cells has been extensively investigated in this targeted-therapy era. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved and fundamental process that is critical for embryogenesis and some other pathophysiological processes, especially tumor genesis and progression. Aberrant gastric EMT activation could endow gastric epithelial cells with increased mesenchymal characteristics and less epithelial features, and promote cancer cell stemness, initiation, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance with cellular adhesion molecules especially E-cadherin concomitantly repressed, which allows tumor cells to disseminate and spread throughout the body. Some pathogens, stress, and hypoxia could induce and aggravate GC via EMT, which is significantly correlated with prognosis. GC EMT is modulated by diverse micro-environmental, membrane, and intracellular cues, and could be triggered by various overexpressed transcription factors, which are downstream of several vital cross-talking signaling pathways including TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, etc. microRNAs also contribute significantly to GC EMT modulation. There are currently some agents which could suppress GC EMT, shedding light on novel anti-malignancy strategies. Investigating potential mechanisms modulating GC cell EMT and discovering novel EMT regulators will further elucidate GC biology, and may provide new biomarkers for early GC detection and potentially efficient targets for preventative and curative anti-GC intervention approaches to prevent local and distant invasions.
PDF
