There are remarkable disparities among patients of different races with prostate cancer; however, the mechanism underlying this difference remains unclear. Here, we present a comprehensive landscape ...of the transcriptome profiles of 14 primary prostate cancers and their paired normal counterparts from the Chinese population using RNA-seq, revealing tremendous diversity across prostate cancer transcriptomes with respect to gene fusions, long noncoding RNAs （long ncRNA）, alternative splicing and somatic mutations. Three of the 14 tumors （21.4%） harbored a TM- PRSS2-ERG fusion, and the low prevalence of this fusion in Chinese patients was further confirmed in an additional tumor set （10/54=18.5%）. Notably, two novel gene fusions, CTAGE5-KHDRBS3 （20/54=37%） and USP9Y-TTTY15 （19/54=35.2%）, occurred frequently in our patient cohort. Further systematic transcriptional profiling identified nu- merous long ncRNAs that were differentially expressed in the tumors. An analysis of the correlation between expres- sion of long ncRNA and genes suggested that long ncRNAs may have functions beyond transcriptional regulation. This study yielded new insights into the pathogenesis of prostate cancer in the Chinese population.
Deck incubation experiments were conducted to investigate how the addition of atmospheric dust aerosols and ocean acidification (OA) affects phytoplankton growth and the production of dimethylsulfide ...(DMS), its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in the oligotrophic western Pacific Ocean. The incubation experiment showed that the deposition of simulated dust aerosols greatly influenced phytoplankton growth and the release of biogenic sulfur compounds (BSCs). Furthermore, it altered the N:P ratios in seawater and phytoplankton community composition, elevating the proportions of strong DMSP and DMSO producers (mainly haptophytes). The average Chl‐a and DMS/P/O concentrations in the acidified treatment (pH 7.9) were 86.76%, 82.53%, 84.17%, and 231.06% higher than in the control. The results indicated that lower pH promoted the growth of diatoms and to a certain extent, the release of the three BSCs.
Plain Language Summary
About 500 Mt of dust are deposited in the ocean each year. Atmospheric dust deposition can supply enough nutrients to the ocean to enhance marine primary productivity and affect the subsequent concentrations of the climate‐gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) and related biogenic sulfur compounds (BSCs). Besides, ocean acidification is increasingly severe and low pH can affect the growth of phytoplankton. Therefore, we carried out deck incubation experiments to determine how the deposition of atmospheric dust aerosols and ocean acidification (OA) alter the production of BSCs. We found that the addition of dust aerosols elevated the abundance of strong DMSP and DMSO producers (Phaeocystis sp. and Gephyrocapsa oceanica) and increased the concentrations of sulfur compounds. The lower pH accelerated the growth of diatoms in the early and mid‐late stages of treatments and promoted the production of BSCs.
Key Points
The concentrations of biogenic sulfur compounds (BSCs) in response to dust aerosol deposition and ocean acidification were examined
The dust aerosol additions elevated the relative abundance of strong DMSP and DMSO producers
The mean concentrations of the three sulfur compounds increased in the acidified treatments
Tin is a key strategic metal and indispensable in the high-tech industry. Constraining the source of the mineralizing fluids, their pathways, and subsequent ore-forming process is fundamental to ...optimizing tin exploration and efficient mining operations. Here, we present trace element analysis, LAICP-MS mapping, and the first systematic high-precision in situ Sn isotope analysis of cassiterite from several tin deposits (i.e., Weilasituo, Baiyinchagan, Maodeng Sn-polymetallic deposits) in northeast China using UV-fs-LA-ICP-MS. We show that the distribution of trace elements in cassiterite from these localities reflects crystallization under disequilibrium conditions with coexisting fluids or melts, and it suggests intense fluid-rock reactions. Among the three deposits, cassiterite from the Maodeng Sn-Cu deposit has the heaviest weighted mean Sn isotope composition, with δ124/117Sn values ranging from 0.11 ± 0.04 ppm to 0.62 ± 0.08 ppm. The Baiyinchagan Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn deposit displays the lightest isotope composition with δ124/117Sn values ranging from -1.43 ± 0.06 ppm to -0.50 ± 0.04 ppm. While the Weilasituo Sn-W-Li-polymetallic deposit shows the largest spread in δ124/117Sn values, ranging from -0.66 ± 0.05 ppm to 0.59 ± 0.03 ppm. The Sn isotope variability in these natural cassiterites is attributed to Sn isotope fractionation associated with the diversity of Sn mineralization pathways and different physicochemical conditions. Furthermore, the δ124/117Sn values of cassiterite from the Maodeng and Baiyinchagan deposits gradually decrease from early to late mineralization stages, suggesting that they were generated by Rayleigh fractionation during progressive mineral precipitation from a hydrothermal fluid. In contrast, heavy Sn isotope values in late-stage Weilasituo cassiterites are likely a result of disequilibrium fluid-rock interaction with external, wall-rock-derived fluids. Our results reveal that liquid-vapor partitioning or fluid-rock interaction may have more influence on Sn isotope fractionation between cassiterite and evolving ore-forming fluids than do magmatic differentiation, pH, pressure, and temperature during the formation of tin deposits. According to the tin isotopic data obtained so far from this study and published previously, we observe no relationship between the Sn isotope composition of cassiterite and the age of mineralization or tectonic setting. However, cassiterite displays heavier Sn isotope compositions than coexisting stannite (Cu2FeSnS4) regardless of the deposit type and depth of emplacement, suggesting that the redox state may influence Sn isotope fractionation. More importantly, we first recognize a general shift toward light Sn isotope compositions in cassiterite associated with decreasing Ti/Zr ratios, suggesting that Sn isotopes can be a robust tool for identifying the source of the mineralization. Furthermore, based on our Sn isotope data together with previous studies of fluid inclusion, we propose that the dominant Sn(II) species occur in early ore mineralization systems, then shifts to the Sn(IV) species in late stage due to redox change or higher Cl- activity. Tin isotopes may be a robust tool to trace the mineralization center and fluid pathways and to ascertain the mechanisms of metal precipitation.
Research on video smoke detection has become a hot topic in fire disaster prevention and control as it can realize early detection. Conventional methods use handcrafted features rely on prior ...knowledge to recognize whether a frame contains smoke. Such methods are often proposed for fixed fire scene and sensitive to the environment resulting in false alarms. In this paper, we use convolutional neural networks (CNN), which are state-of-the-art for image recognition tasks to identify smoke in video. We develop a joint detection framework based on faster RCNN and 3D CNN. An improved faster RCNN with non-maximum annexation is used to realize the smoke target location based on static spatial information. Then, 3D CNN realizes smoke recognition by combining dynamic spatial–temporal information. Compared with common CNN methods using image for smoke detection, 3D CNN improved the recognition accuracy significantly. Different network structures and data processing methods of 3D CNN have been compared, including Slow Fusion and optical flow. Tested on a dataset that comprises smoke video from multiple sources, the proposed frameworks are shown to perform very well in smoke location and recognition. Finally, the framework of two-stream 3D CNN performs the best, with a detection rate of 95.23% and a low false alarm rate of 0.39% for smoke video sequences.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. It is an increasingly serious global health problem and has a significant impact on individuals and society. However, the precise cause of ...Alzheimer's disease is still unknown. In this study, 11,748 Web-of-Science-indexed manuscripts regarding Alzheimer's disease, all published from 2015 to 2019, and their 693,938 references were analyzed. A document co-citation network map was drawn using CiteSpace software. Research frontiers and development trends were determined by retrieving subject headings with apparent changing word frequency trends, which can be used to forecast future research developments in Alzheimer's disease.
The western Pacific continental sea significantly influences the regulation of climate‐active gases budget and the burden of sulfate aerosols. An underway shipboard measurement device was used to ...determine the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the surface seawater and overlying atmosphere in the East China Continental Sea. The average concentration of DMS in atmosphere and seawater was 122.8 ± 86.2pptv and 6.47 ± 3.58 nmol L−1, respectively. The variation trend of surface water DMS in the western Pacific continental sea was influenced by the abundance and composition of phytoplankton under different ocean current systems, with a significant impact from eddies on DMS production in the South China Sea. By eliminating the influence of terrestrial sources and limiting air mass transport within the marine boundary layer, strong correlations were established between atmospheric DMS and air mass exposure to chlorophyll (Echl), as well as between aerosol methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and Echl. During the aerosol sampling period, the atmospheric DMS levels (1,057 ± 371 ng/m3) were significantly higher than MSA levels (46.3 ± 59.8 ng/m3) in the East China Sea, where the conversion of DMS to MSA was not affected by changes in DMS concentration. The sea‐to‐air fluxes of DMS varied over a wide range, from 0.02 to 156.0 μmol m−2 d−1, with an average of 14.35 ± 18.58 μmol m−2 d−1. Marine DMS emissions play a critical role in the formation of sulfur aerosols on the western Pacific continental shelf, accounting for 24.6 ± 7.6% (14.8%–37.8%) of the total sulfate aerosols.
Plain Language Summary
The western Pacific continental sea plays a crucial role in controlling climate‐active gas budgets and sulfate aerosol loads. We investigated the distribution, sources, and control factors of dimethyl sulfide in surface seawater and the overlying atmosphere using underway observations in the western Pacific continental sea. By removing the influence of land sources and limiting air mass transport within the marine boundary layer, we discovered strong correlations between atmospheric dimethyl sulfide and air mass exposure to chlorophyll, as well as between aerosol methanesulfonic acid and air mass exposure to chlorophyll. Marine dimethyl sulfide emissions are vital for sulfur aerosol formation on the western Pacific continental shelf. This study provides valuable insights into understanding dimethyl sulfide dynamics in the western Pacific continental sea while highlighting its role in sulfur cycling and aerosol formation.
Key Points
Phytoplankton and eddies influenced dimethyl sulfide (DMS) distribution in the western Pacific continental sea
The atmospheric DMS and Echl exhibit a strong positive correlation, as well as MSA and Echl
Marine DMS emissions accounted for 25% of total sulfate aerosols in the East China Sea
This study aimed to determine the levels of health-related behaviours (physical activity, screen exposure and sleep status) among Chinese students from primary, secondary and high schools during the ...pandemic of COVID-19, as well as their changes compared with their status before the pandemic. A cross-sectional online survey of 10,933 students was conducted among 10 schools in Guangzhou, China, between 8th and 15th March, 2020. After getting the informed consent from student's caregivers, an online questionnaire was designed and used to obtain time spending on health-related behaviours during the pandemic of COVID-19, as well as the changes compared with 3 months before the pandemic, which was completed by students themselves or their caregivers. Students were stratified by regions (urban, suburban, exurban), gender (boys and girls), and grades (lower grades of primary school, higher grades of primary schools, secondary schools and high schools). Data were expressed as number and percentages and Chi-square test was used to analyse difference between groups. Overall, the response rate of questionnaire was 95.3% (10,416/10,933). The median age of included students was 13.0 (10.0, 16.0) years and 50.1% (n = 5,219) were boys. 41.4%, 53.6% and 53.7% of total students reported less than 15 min per day in light, moderate and vigorous activities and 58.7% (n = 6,113) reported decreased participation in physical activity compared with the time before pandemic. Over 5 h of screen time spending on online study was reported by 44.6% (n = 4,649) of respondents, particular among high school students (81.0%). 76.9% of students reported increased screen time compared with the time before pandemic. Inadequate sleep was identified among 38.5% of students and the proportion was highest in high school students (56.9%). Our study indicated that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the school closure exerted tremendous negative effects on school-aged children's health habits, including less physical activity, longer screen exposure and irregular sleeping pattern.
Recent studies have demonstrated that immunological disease progression is closely related to abnormal function of the central nervous system (CNS). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, ...inflammatory synovitis-based systemic immune disease of unknown etiology. In addition to joint pathological damage, RA has been linked to neuropsychiatric comorbidities, including depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in life. Immune cells and their secreted immune factors will stimulate the peripheral and central neuronal systems that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. The understanding of autoimmune diseases has largely advanced insights into the molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune interaction. Here, we review our current understanding of CNS comorbidities and potential physiological mechanisms in patients with RA, with a focus on the complex and diverse regulation of mood and distinct patterns of peripheral immune activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. And in our review, we also discussed the role that has been played by peripheral neurons and CNS in terms of neuron mechanisms in RA immune challenges, and the related neuron-immune crosstalk.
This paper presents an experimental study on the applicability of microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) to treat municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash with high alkalinity and ...heavy metal toxicity. The experiments were carried out on fly ashes A and B produced from incineration processes of mechanical grate furnace and circulating fluidized bed, respectively. The results showed that both types of fly ashes contained high CaO content, which could supply sufficient endogenous Ca for MICP treatment. Moreover, S. pasteurii can survive from high alkalinity and heavy metal toxicity of fly ash solution. Further, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of MICP treated fly ashes A and B reached 0.385MPa and 0.709 MPa, respectively. The MICP treatment also resulted in a reduction in the leaching toxicity of heavy metals, especially for Cu, Pb and Hg. MICP had a higher solidification and stabilization effect on fly ash B, which has finer particle size and higher Ca content. These findings shone a light on the possibility of using MICP technique as a suitable and efficient tool to treat the MSWI fly ash.
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