Multiple SDAVFs are quite rare. We present two cases with double synchronous shunts and both were treated during one-stage interventional or surgical procedure. Unique images of the multiple SDAVFs ...as a PMAVF-like fistula were obtained. These interesting findings suggest the presence of multiple fistulas must be considered in patients being evaluated for SDAVF. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of multiple SDAVFs should depend on the anatomic location and angioarchitecture.
Although astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain, evidence for their activation during physiological sensory activity is lacking. Here we show that whisker stimulation evokes ...increases in astrocytic cytosolic calcium (Ca super(2+)) within the barrel cortex of adult mice. Increases in astrocytic Ca super(2+) were a function of the frequency of stimulation, occurred within several seconds and were inhibited by metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. To distinguish between synaptic input and output, local synaptic activity in cortical layer 2 was silenced by iontophoresis of AMPA and NMDA receptor antagonists. The antagonists did not reduce astrocytic Ca super(2+) responses despite a marked reduction in excitatory postsynaptic currents in response to whisker stimulation. These findings indicate that astrocytes respond to synaptic input, by means of spillover or ectopic release of glutamate, and that increases in astrocytic Ca super(2+) occur independently of postsynaptic excitatory activity.
To investigate the diagnosis and surgical techniques of intramedullary hemangioblastoma of the cervical spinal cord.
MR imaging and the methods and results of surgery were analyzed in 21 patients.
...The tumors were divided into three types on MR imaging. Syringeal type, where the tumor varied in size and was accompanied by syringobulbia and syringomyelia; Cystic type, where the tumor presented as a cyst with a small mural node; and Solid type, where the tumor was revealed as a huge solid mass. All tumors were totally removed and diagnosis was confirmed by histological study. Post-operative neurological status was improved in 20 patients and aggravated in 1.
The localization and the nature diagnosis of the tumor can be made by cervical MR imaging. Operative methods vary with tumor types. It is the most important that the tumor is dissected along the right interface and removed after devascularization.
Maylandia zebra, a member of the family cichlid living in individual African lakes, are regarded as a significant evolution model. Recently the genome sequencing had been done, but there is no ...sufficient information about its mitochondria. Herein, we first assembled the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Maylandia zebra. It is a 16 582 bp long sequence with most mitogenome's characteristic structure, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 1 putative control region. The GC-content of our fresh sequence is 45.86%, similar to closely related species Oreochromis niloticus. The accuracy and utility of new determined mitogenome sequences can be verified by the phylogenetic analysis, based on whole mitogenome alignment with Neolamprologus brichardi, Pseudotropheus crabro, Oreochromis niloticu, which is closest relative to Maylandia zebra, and 6 others. Using the full mitogenome, we expect to address taxonomic issues and study the related evolution events. Moreover, this is the first report of the mitogenome of genus Maylandia.
Maylandia zebra, a member of the family cichlid living in individual African lakes, are regarded as a significant evolution model. Recently the genome sequencing had been done, but there is no ...sufficient information about its mitochondria. Herein, we first assembled the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Maylandia zebra. It is a 16 582 bp long sequence with most mitogenome's characteristic structure, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 1 putative control region. The GC-content of our fresh sequence is 45.86%, similar to closely related species Oreochromis niloticus. The accuracy and utility of new determined mitogenome sequences can be verified by the phylogenetic analysis, based on whole mitogenome alignment with Neolamprologus brichardi, Pseudotropheus crabro, Oreochromis niloticu, which is closest relative to Maylandia zebra, and 6 others. Using the full mitogenome, we expect to address taxonomic issues and study the related evolution events. Moreover, this is the first report of the mitogenome of genus Maylandia.
To investigate the effects of combination therapy with methylprednisolone (MP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on axonal remyelination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in ...rats.
Forty-five rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group A received MP and BDNF; group B received MP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and group C received CSF only. Contusion injury to adult rat spinal cord was produced at the T(10) vertebra level followed by immediate intravenous MP or CSF, and was thereafter infused intrathecally with BDNF or CSF for 6 weeks. Axonal remyelination and functional recovery was observed using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and open field locomotion.
An increase of 28.4% +/- 2.3% in the expression of proteolipid protein (PLP) gene, an endogenous indicator of axonal remyelination, was demonstrated in group A 24 hours after injury. Ten weeks later, there were significant decreases in hematogenous inflammatory cellular infiltration in groups A and B compared to C (P < 0.05). Concomitantly, a significant amount of axonal remyelination was observed in group A compared to groups B and C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, combination therapy using MP and BDNF in group A resulted in stimulation of hindlimb activity as well as improvement in the rate of functional recovery in open field locomotion (P < 0.05).
Combined therapy of MP and BDNF can improve functional recovery through mechanisms that include attenuating inflammatory cellular infiltration and enhancing axonal remyelination at the injury site. Such a combination may be an effective approach for treatment of spinal cord injury.
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