An enhancement strategy is realized for ultralong bright room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP), involving polymerization between phosphor monomers and acrylamide and host–guest complexation ...interaction between phosphors and cucurbit6,7,8urils (CB6,7,8). The non‐phosphorescent monomers exhibit 2.46 s ultralong lifetime after copolymerizing with acrylamide. The improvement is due to the rich hydrogen bond and carbonyl within the polymers which promote intersystem crossing, suppress nonradiative relaxation and shield quenchers effectively. By tuning the ratio of chromophores, a series of phosphorescent copolymers with different lifetimes and quantum yields are prepared. The complexation of macrocyclic hosts CB6,7,8 promote the RTP of polymers by blocking aggregation‐caused quenching, and offsetting the losses of aforementioned interaction provided by polymer. Multiple lifetime‐encoding for digit and character encryption are achieved by utilizing the difference of their lifetimes.
A synergistic enhancement strategy is realized for ultralong bright RTP, involving polymerization between phosphor monomers and acrylamide and host–guest complexation interaction between phosphors and cucurbit6, 7, 8urils (CB6, 7, 8). The phosphorescence lifetime and efficiency is up to 2.81 s and 76 %. Multiple lifetime‐encoding for digit and character encryption are achieved.
Heating and cooling can induce reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions of matter. In contrast, athermal photochemical processes can induce reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions of some newly ...developed azobenzene compounds. Azobenzene is photoswitchable. UV light induces trans‐to‐cis isomerization; visible light or heat induces cis‐to‐trans isomerization. Trans and cis isomers usually have different melting points (Tm) or glass transition temperatures (Tg). If Tm or Tg of an azobenzene compound in trans and cis forms are above and below room temperature, respectively, light may induce reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions. In this Review, we introduce azobenzene compounds that exhibit photoinduced reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions, discuss the mechanisms and design principles, and show their potential applications in healable coatings, adhesives, transfer printing, lithography, actuators, fuels, and gas separation. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges in this field.
Light switch: Azobenzene‐containing materials that show photoinduced reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions are reviewed. These materials show trans‐to‐cis and cis‐to‐trans isomerization under UV and visible light irradiation. The trans isomers are solid and cis isomers are liquid. Thus, light can induce reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions. Photoinduced reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions are promising for many applications.
Abstract
Background
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a syndrome of severe hepatocyte injury with high rate of mortality. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major cause of ALF worldwide, however, ...the underlying mechanism by which HBV infection leads to ALF has not been fully disclosed.
Methods
D-GalN-induced hepatocyte injury model and LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF mice model were used to investigate the effects of HBV X protein (HBx) in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Cell viability and the levels of Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron were measured using commercial kits. The expression of ferroptosis-related molecules were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Epigenetic modification and protein interaction were detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), respectively. Mouse liver function was assessed by measuring aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The histological changes in liver tissues were monitored by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and SLC7A11 immunoreactivity was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis.
Results
D-GalN triggered ferroptosis in primary hepatocytes. HBx potentiated D-GalN-induced hepatotoxicity and ferroptosis in vitro, and it suppressed SLC7A11 expression through H3K27me3 modification by EZH2. In addition, EZH2 inhibition or SLC7A11 overexpression attenuated the effects of HBx on D-GalN-induced ferroptosis in primary hepatocytes. The ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) protected against ALF and ferroptosis in vivo. By contrast, HBx exacerbates LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF and ferroptosis in HBx transgenic (HBx-Tg) mice.
Conclusion
HBx facilitates ferroptosis in ALF via EZH2/H3K27me3-mediated SLC7A11 suppression.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been recognized as promising substitutes for current energy‐storage technologies owing to their exceptional advantage in energy density. The main challenge in ...developing highly efficient and long‐life Li–S batteries is simultaneously suppressing the shuttle effect and improving the redox kinetics. Polar host materials have desirable chemisorptive properties to localize the mobile polysulfide intermediates; however, the role of their electrical conductivity in the redox kinetics of subsequent electrochemical reactions is not fully understood. Conductive polar titanium carbides (TiC) are shown to increase the intrinsic activity towards liquid–liquid polysulfide interconversion and liquid–solid precipitation of lithium sulfides more than non‐polar carbon and semiconducting titanium dioxides. The enhanced electrochemical kinetics on a polar conductor guided the design of novel hybrid host materials of TiC nanoparticles grown within a porous graphene framework (TiC@G). With a high sulfur loading of 3.5 mg cm−2, the TiC@G/sulfur composite cathode exhibited a substantially enhanced electrochemical performance.
Li–S batteries: The electrochemical reaction kinetics of reversible polysulfide interconversion and Li2S nucleation/precipitation are substantially enhanced on the conductive and polar surface of titanium carbide, guiding the design of advanced host materials towards high‐energy and stable Li–S batteries.
A cooperative interface constructed by “lithiophilic” nitrogen‐doped graphene frameworks and “sulfiphilic” nickel–iron layered double hydroxides (LDH@NG) is proposed to synergistically afford ...bifunctional Li and S binding to polysulfides, suppression of polysulfide shuttles, and electrocatalytic activity toward formation of lithium sulfides for high‐performance lithium–sulfur batteries. LDH@NG enables high rate capability, long lifespan, and efficient stabilization of both sulfur and lithium electrodes.
Although most of wealth and innovation have been the result of human interaction and cooperation, we are not yet able to quantitatively predict the spatial distributions of three main elements of ...cities: population, roads, and socioeconomic interactions. By a simple model mainly based on spatial attraction and matching growth mechanisms, we reveal that the spatial scaling rules of these three elements are in a consistent framework, which allows us to use any single observation to infer the others. All numerical and theoretical results are consistent with empirical data from ten representative cities. In addition, our model can also provide a general explanation of the origins of the universal super- and sub-linear aggregate scaling laws and accurately predict kilometre-level socioeconomic activity. Our work opens a new avenue for uncovering the evolution of cities in terms of the interplay among urban elements, and it has a broad range of applications.
The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, in which individuals collaborate with their interacted neighbors like bird flocking to search for the optima, has been successfully applied in a wide ...range of fields pertaining to searching and convergence. Here we employ the scale-free network to represent the inter-individual interactions in the population, named SF-PSO. In contrast to the traditional PSO with fully-connected topology or regular topology, the scale-free topology used in SF-PSO incorporates the diversity of individuals in searching and information dissemination ability, leading to a quite different optimization process. Systematic results with respect to several standard test functions demonstrate that SF-PSO gives rise to a better balance between the convergence speed and the optimum quality, accounting for its much better performance than that of the traditional PSO algorithms. We further explore the dynamical searching process microscopically, finding that the cooperation of hub nodes and non-hub nodes play a crucial role in optimizing the convergence process. Our work may have implications in computational intelligence and complex networks.
Uric acid (UA), scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. However, an abnormal UA concentration may be ...connected with many diseases: a higher UA concentration, comings from improper lifestyle such as purine excessive intake and excessive drinking, may reveal hyperuricemia, gout and some cardiovascular diseases; meanwhile, some genetic diseases can result in a low level UA relatively for a long time. Therefore, to develop a rapid and accurate detection method of UA is urgent and important. Recently many detection methods have been developed to measure the level of UA in human serum and urine sample even saliva and nails and tears. This review outlines the importance of UA detection and the history of the development of UA detection methods. UA detection include spectral (ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence), electrochemical (voltammetry, electrochemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance), chromatography (liquid and gas phase), capillary electrophoresis and isotope dilution mass spectrometry, etc. Most of the above detection methods contain both enzymatic and nonenzymatic strategies. The materials used in mentioned methods above tend to be diversified, hence an overview of materials used in UA detection are also reported.
Solar evaporation is one of the most attractive and sustainable approaches to address worldwide freshwater scarcity. Unfortunately, it is still a crucial challenge that needs to be confronted when ...the solar evaporator faces harsh application environments. Herein, a promising polymer molding method that combines melt blending and compression molding, namely micro extrusion compression molding, is proposed for the cost‐effective fabrication of lightweight polyethylene/graphene nanosheets (PE/GNs) foam with interconnected vapor escape channels and surface micro‐nanostructures. A contact angle of 155 ± 2°, a rolling angle of 5 ± 1° and reflectance of ≈1.6% in the wavelength range of 300–2500 nm appears on the micro‐nanostructured PE/GNs foam surface. More interestingly, the micro‐nanostructured PE/GNs foam surface can maintain a robust superhydrophobic state under dynamic impacting, high temperature and acid‐/alkali solutions. These results mean that the micro‐nanostructured PE/GNs foam surface possesses self‐cleaning, anti‐icing and photothermal deicing properties at the same time. Importantly, the foam exhibits an evaporation rate of 1.83 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 Sun illumination and excellent salt rejecting performance when it is used as a self‐floating solar evaporator. The proposed method provides an ideal and industrialized approach for the mass production of solar evaporators suitable for practical application environments.
An efficient micro extrusion compression molding method is proposed for the cost‐effective fabrication of lightweight PE/GNs foam with interconnected vapor escape channels and surface micro‐nanostructures. The prepared foam possesses excellent anti‐icing and photothermal deicing properties, and exhibits an evaporation rate of 1.83 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 Sun illumination when it is used as a self‐floating solar evaporator.
A series of solid supramolecules based on acrylamide–phenylpyridium copolymers with various substituent groups (P−R: R=−CN, −CO2Et, −Me, −CF3) and cucurbit7uril (CB7) are constructed to exhibit ...tunable second‐level (from 0.9 s to 2.2 s) room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in the amorphous state. Compared with other solid supramolecules P−R/CB7 (R=−CN, −CO2Et, −Me), P−CF3/CB7 displays the longest lifetime (2.2 s), which is probably attributed to the fluorophilic interaction of cucurbiturils leading to a uncommon host–guest interaction between 4‐phenylpyridium with −CF3 and CB7. Furthermore, the RTP solid supramolecular assembly (donors) can further react with organic dyes Eosin Y or SR101 (acceptors) to form ternary supramolecular systems featuring ultralong phosphorescence energy transfer (PpET) and visible delayed fluorescence (yellow for EY at 568 nm and red for SR101 at 620 nm). Significantly, the ultralong multicolor PpET supramolecular assembly can be further applied in fields of anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption and painting.
Solid supramolecules based on acrylamide–phenylpyridium copolymers with various substituent groups and cucurbit7uril not only exhibit tunable ultralong phosphorescence with lifetimes varying from 0.9 s to 2.2 s, but also co‐assemble with organic dyes Eosin Y or SR101 to display high‐performance phosphorescence energy transfer with multicolor delayed fluorescence properties.
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