We demonstrate the lithographic fabrication of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) in hybrid SiO2/TiO2 sol-gel glass on 3-D curved surfaces. The concentric circular gratings with periods of 20 μm, 10 ...μm and 5 μm have been fabricated in sol-gel glass on concave lens by laser direct writing successfully. Continuous 3-Dimensional surface relief with a height of 435 nm, 110 nm and 50 nm has been obtained for the period of 20 μm, 10 μm and 5 μm respectively. The optical test results of the fabricated DOE shows only a little bit deviation from the theoretical calculated results which can be explained by 3-D curved surface effect. We believe this technology can be an effective method to fabricate DOEs with even more complex surface profile on 3-D curved surfaces in terms of its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
Purpose: This study aims to clarify the specific mechanism by which GARP affects the atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE.sup.-/- mice and the effect of GARP-tDC on atherosclerosis. Methods: The mice were ...randomly divided into three groups: the control group, the GARP-overexpressed group and the GARP-inhibited group. After 12 weeks, all the mice were euthanized, and the specimens were collected. In vitro, experiments were conducted to observe the effect of GARP on DC phenotype and the changes of the proportion of CD4.sup.+CD25.sup.+Foxp3.sup.+ Treg cells when GARP-tDCs were co-cultured with CD4.sup.+ T cells. Furthermore, adoptive transmission of GARP-tDCs was used to observe the effect on atherosclerotic plaque in mice. Results: The GARP-overexpressed group enhanced the biological activity of Foxp3.sup.+ CD4.sup.+CD25.sup.+ Tregs and resulted in increased expression of LAP in T cells. In addition, the GARP-overexpressed group significantly suppressed the function of Th1 and Th17, and decreased the secretion of INF-gamma and IL-17A. Thus, GARP had a protective effect on atherosclerosis. In vitro, we found that GARP-tDC had a tolerance-inducing phenotype, and GARP-tDC also had the ability to induce tolerance when co-cultured with CD4.sup.+ T cells. More importantly, adoptive transmission of GARP-tDCs reduced the size of atherosclerotic plaques. Conclusion: GARP and the GARP-tDC play protective roles in atherosclerosis. The protective effect of GARP on atherosclerosis is achieved by increasing CD4.sup.+CD25.sup.+Foxp3.sup.+ Treg cells and inhibiting the production of IFN-gamma and IL-17A. Keywords: GARP, Foxp3, GARP-tDC, atherosclerosis, LAP
An effective optical design method is proposed to solve the problem of adjustable view angle for infrared illuminator in active night vision systems. A novel total internal reflection (TIR) lens with ...three segments of the side surface is designed as the secondary optics of infrared emitting diode (IRED). It can provide three modes with different view angles to achieve a complete coverage of the monitored area. As an example, a novel TIR lens is designed for SONY FCB-EX 480CP camera. Optical performance of the novel TIR lens is investigated by both numerical simulation and experiments. The results demonstrate that it can meet the requirements of different irradiation distances quit well with view angles of 7.5°, 22° and 50°. The mean optical efficiency is improved from 62% to 75% and the mean irradiance uniformity is improved from 65% to 85% compared with the traditional structure.
History matching of reservoir performance is difficult due to the uncertainties associated with reservoir properties. These uncertainties include the variety of geological model and fluid model. ...Usually, reservoir engineer changes geological properties to match history data, but ignore the changes of fluid properties, which may have a big influence on history matching.
Considering a mature field entering high water-cut stage, for many infill wells, the well productivity can be obtained by stabilized well testing, but there is a phenomenon for drawdown (DD) test where the bottom-hole pressure (BHP) may increase with time when the water-cut reaches some value. In this situation, many reservoir engineers think this phenomenon was due to the change of production rate, the change of skin factor near wellbore or the interference of multi-wells. This paper excludes the interferences of these reasons, the objective of research focus on multiphase flow and explains the phenomenon from the viewpoint of multiphase flow.
It is well known that the change of pressure on late time of well testing is closed to constant in closed system or closed to zero in constant pressure system. But under transient state, steady-state or semi-steady-state conditions, if the bottom-hole pressure goes up, then the DD data may not be used for well test analysis or reservoir engineering analysis. This paper presents study results on wells producing a multiphase reservoir by numerical well test model. According to Darcy's Law, a new theoretical expression was derived in this situation, in which the derivative of bottom-hole flowing pressure is a function of integral of total mobility, which can be approximatively replaced of the average total effective mobility. Using this equation, the reason why well bottom-hole pressure increasing with time may be reasonably explained.
According to the results of this study, under multiphase flow condition, the BHP increasing is due to the changing of the fluid total mobility, in this paper, it was further demonstrated that the data of this type can be used to adjust fluid model and improve history matching.
Objective: This trial was performed to examine the effects of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) levels in total mixed ration (TMR) with low corn-based starch on the milk production, whole-tract ...nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Methods: Eight multiparous Holstein cows (body weight BW: $717{\pm}63kg$; days in milk DIM: $169{\pm}29$) were assigned to a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 62.3% ruminally degradable starch (% of total starch, low RDS) or 72.1% ruminally degradable starch (% of total starch, high RDS). Changes to the ruminally degradable levels were conducted by using either finely ground corn or steam-flaked corn as the starch component. Results: The results showed that dry matter intake, milk yield and composition in dairy cows were not affected by dietary treatments. The concentration of milk urea nitrogen was lower for cows fed high RDS TMR than low RDS TMR. The whole-tract apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude protein decreased, and that of starch increased for cows fed high RDS TMR over those fed low RDS TMR, with no dietary effect on the whole-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The proportion of urinary N excretion in N intake was lower and that of fecal N excretion in N intake was higher for cows fed high RDS TMR than those fed low RDS TMR. The N secretion in milk and the retention of N were not influenced by the dietary treatments. Total purine derivative was similar in cows fed high RDS TMR and low RDS TMR. Consequently, estimated microbial N flow to the duodenum was similar in cows fed high RDS TMR and low RDS TMR. Conclusion: Results of this study show that ruminally degradable starch levels can influence whole-tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows fed low corn-based starch diets, with no influence on performance.
Because of the technical importance of organosilicon materials, insight into the related synthetic processes is significantly essential. In this paper, the amine-catalyzed polymerization of silanol ...has been investigated by the density functional theory (DFT) method. Our data have shown that amines can catalytically promote the hydrogen transfer process by substantially reducing the energy barrier. The activation barrier via hydrogen transfer with catalysis is 38.32 kJ/mol, much lower than that of catalysis-free process (120.88 kJ/mol). The lower energy barrier is in agreement with the much more intense polymerization of silanols with amine catalysts. Based on the above results, amines and other catalysts capable of assisting hydrogen transfer are expected to be used as catalysts for silanol polymerization.
Special session: a quantifiable approach to approximate computing Chaofan Li; Sengupta, Deepashree; Snigdha, Farhana Sharmin ...
2017 International Conference on Compilers, Architectures and Synthesis For Embedded Systems (CASES),
2017-Oct.
Conference Proceeding
Approximate computing has applications in areas such as image processing, neural computation, distributed systems, and real-time systems, where the results may be acceptable in the presence of ...controlled levels of error. The promise of approximate computing is in its ability to render just enough performance to meet quality constraints. However, going from this theoretical promise to a practical implementation requires a clear comprehension of the system requirements and matching them to the design of approximations as the system is implemented. This involves the tasks of (a) identifying the design space of potential approximations, (b) modeling the injected error as a function of the level of approximation, and (c) optimizing the system over the design space to maximize a metric, typically the power savings, under constraints on the maximum allowable degradation. Often, the error may be introduced at a low level of design (e.g., at the level of a full adder) but its impact must be percolated up to system-level error metrics (e.g., PSNR in a compressed image), and a practical approach must devise a coherent and quantifiable way of translating between error/power tradeoffs at all levels of design.
Density functional theory has been employed to investigate the ligand effect in the reaction of ligated NiBr
+
with propane. Both initial C–H and C–C bond activation mechanisms for losses of HBr, H
2
..., and CH
4
are analyzed in terms of the topology of the potential energy surface. Losses of HBr and H
2
involve three C–H activation mechanisms, that is,
α
,
β-
H,
α
,
γ
-H, and
β
,
α
-H abstractions, where the last
β
,
α
-H abstraction is the most favorable mechanism. Loss of CH
4
involves initial C–C activation, but it is prevented by the high-energy barrier. When propane reacts with the open-shell ligated NiBr
+
, the ligand of Br in the initial C–H activation could direct abstract a H atom from propane substrate via a four-center transition state, without forming multi-
σ
-type bonding of Ni
+
, whereas the metal center in the initial C–C activation needs to experience an unfavorable three
σ
-type bonding (with Br, CH
3
, and CH
2
CH
3
), which explains why HBr and H
2
are formed in the reaction of BrNi
+
/C
3
H
8
and CH
4
not.
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