Cadomian magmatic activity is represented by a mafic - intermediate dyke suits in the Karacahisar dome (West - Central Taurides) formed by the southward subduction of the Proto-Tethyan ocean beneath ...North Gondwana. These dyke suites are classified as diabase, andesite and dacite. They display calc-alkali, high-K calc-alkali and shoshonitic character, and intruded into the siliciclastic rocks deposited in a back-arc rift setting. In this study, we present new zircon U-Pb ages, Sr-Nd isotopic and geochemical data to better understand the petrological evolution of the Cadomian magmatism. Zircon U-Pb concordia ages of 551.3 ± 3.5 Ma, 557.9 ± 3.7 Ma and 569 ± 7.2 Ma were obtained for these dykes. On the N-MORB normalized spider diagrams, mafic - intermediate dykes exhibit enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE: Sr, K, Rb, Ba, Th), relatively less enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE: La, Ce and Nd) and depletion in high field strength (HFS: Tb, Ti, Y and Yb) elements. Dyke samples have significant depletions of Ta and Nb relative to neighbouring LILE and LREE and display a significant subduction component. On the chondrite normalized REE diagrams, a weak Eu anomalies are observed, and this indicates some plagioclase accumulation. Dyke samples fall into the volcanic arc (island arc and/or continental arc), and back-arc fields on tectonic setting discrimination diagrams. The εNd
(i)
values of dykes range from −1.47 to 1.76, and Nd depleted-mantle model (T
DM
) ages vary between 1.32 and 1.81 Ga, and show enriched mantle or metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle source signatures. The primary magmas of the dykes were derived from amphibole- and garnet-bearing mantle, and were affected by fractional crystallization, mixing and assimilation processes during ascent through the upper crust. All available data show that this magmatic activity developed in a back-arc rift setting subsequent to Cadomian arc magmatism in the West-Central Taurides.
There are significant ruby formations across the world that have been commercialized. In Türkiye there are many mineralogical formation regions with gemological features of high quality. However, ...there is not enough information in the literature about the formation of ruby in Türkiye, and its usability as a precious stone. In contrast to previous studies, this paper was conducted to reveal the gemological properties of Doğanşehir (Malatya province) rubies and to investigate the usability of polished and cut ruby samples as gemstones. Ruby corundum formations of gemstone quality have recently been discovered in Göksun ophiolites in the Doğanşehir district of Türkiye. These ruby formations take place in greenish and grayish amphibolites in the Göksun ophiolites. The ruby crystals are observed in colors ranging from pink to red and sizes ranging between 2 × 10 mm and 30 × 50 mm. The tectonic position, geological environment, petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and gemological characteristics of Doğanşehir crystals indicate that they can be classified as rubies and can be likened to those gems formed in amphibolites in Tanzania. This indicates that Doğanşehir rubies have gemological and mineralogical parameters that are competitive with rubies existing in other places across the world after polishing and cutting. Examples of Doğanşehir rubies prepared by polishing and cutting show that these rubies may feature in the global market in the coming years. Doğanşehir rubies are suitable for COBACORE (community based comprehensive recovery) cutting mostly in large sizes and amounts. Thus, it is a potential gemstone source. Samples prepared by polishing and cutting indicate their suitability as gemstones.
This study aims to develop an interactive language learning game and explore its efficacy for English language learners. A computer-generated playground was projected onto a large classroom floor (4 ...× 3 m) with a wide-angle projection device. A Kinect depth camera determined the spatial positions of the playground and the positions of the students’ heads, feet, and bodies. Then, we evaluated the system’s effect on English education through pre- and post-tests. While there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of achievement in the pre-tests, the experimental group exhibited significantly greater improvement in the post-tests (F: 14.815, p < 0.001, η2p: 0.086). Also, both groups demonstrated significant learning gains in post-tests compared to pre-tests (F: 98.214, p < 0.001, η2p: 0.383), and the group x time interaction of the experimental group increased more in percentage (32.32% vs. 17.54%) compared to the control group (F: 9.166, p < 0.003, η2p: 0.055). Qualitative data from student views indicated enhanced learning pace, vocabulary acquisition, enjoyment of the learning process, and increased focus. These findings suggest that a kinesthetic learning environment can significantly benefit English language learning in children.
•“Area” and “time” determined by the legislation in terms of the mining license application properties are shown in Turkey.•Variations of different types of land use within the mining license areas ...according to mineral groups are shown.•Forest areas returned by mining activities at the end of the activities are explained.•Whether the forest areas used by these enterprises increase as their activity periods progress was determined.•Considering development coefficients of the cities where mining operations are carried out, whether the land-use changes are sustainable is determined.
Mining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey—and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between “mining for sustainable development” and “protection of forestland.”
Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the “Survey Monkey” program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade.
•Before performing mining operations, investors should obtain the land from private owners who conflict with the activities.•In this context, the proposed legislation regarding expropriation in ...Turkey is described.•Ratio of the private land acquisition costs to investment amounts was calculated and analyzed according to mineral groups.•Taking into account degree of social/econ. development of city in where mining is carried out, these costs were analyzed.•Solutions for delays in the implementation of expropriation legislation and other problems have been proposed.
According to the mining legislation in Turkey, different permits must be obtained from the authorized institutions or to reach an agreement with a private landowner according to whether there is private or public land for mining. If the landowner and the mining investor do not agree, the expropriation is conducted if the public interest is observed in the mining operation. There is no doubt that the rights of landowners should be adequately ensured by legislation. However, there are cases where land ownership problems cannot be solved in areas that overlap with mining areas and are subject to private ownership. The expropriation permit process may sometimes last 1.5–2 years. Therefore, mining enterprises are unable to start production activities and risk losing their investments. Especially for the reasons related to private landowners and experts, private land acquisition/expropriation costs for mining activities are quite high compared with the market.
To identify and produce solutions to the legal problems in Turkey, in May, June, and July of 2018, a survey study was conducted to ask mining enterprises about their problems in private land acquisition and the costs for them. The mining sector in Turkey expects that all applicable legislations will be proposed in a manner that does not waste the time of the mining investor and that the private land acquisition/expropriation costs will be reduced in a manner that does not pose a risk of mining investment. In this respect, the ratio of expropriation costs to the mining investment amount (MIA) was analyzed according to the different mineral groups and the social and economic development level of the cities where mining was conducted. Based on this research, legislation practices also have negative effects on mining enterprises, on the expropriation costs and the expropriation permit processes.
Humankind is in need of mines throughout its entire life. As a result of mine production obtained for this need, mining wastes emerge. Mining waste management is reflected in mining enterprises as a ...cost item. It would be useful to determine how much share these costs have in mining operating costs (OC). At the same time, considering that the ratio of land use costs to mining investment amounts (MIA) in Turkey is very high, mining investment risks should be reduced. In order to bring forward solutions for the WMC and its regulation, in May, June and July of 2018, a survey was conducted to mining corporations via the survey software called “Survey Monkey”. The cost of wastes of each mining enterprise is proportionate to the yearly average OC of these mining companies. The results that come out when the ratio of the costs of mining waste management to the estimated investment costs as well, changing based on the different mineral groups, show that the mining WMC take a noticeably high place among the mining investments and OC in Turkey. Despite the environmental expenses made by mining companies in Turkey, the recovery of waste still lacks. In this regard, necessary arrangements should be made in the legislation, and the recovery of waste should be promoted despite the expenditure of the miner, and the return of the cost of the mining investor should be provided.
•According to the mineral groups in Turkey, how much a share in the operating costs of the average waste cost is calculated.•It has been determined which factors play a role in changes in this share according to different mineral groups.•To not be created investment risk, in terms of mining enterprises in Turkey learned how waste classification should be in Regulations.•In this respect, legislative proposals have been made in line with the importance of the recovery of mining wastes.
Generally, there can be very high differences among the alternative investment costs of the other activity which overlaps with mining. This situation can oblige the overlapping of the alternative ...investments of these activities that overlap with mining in the available location with mining sites due to not being able to be preferred. There is no mistake in shutting down mining activities completely or partially in these kinds of investment overlaps. However, are mining operations, whose activities have been finalized due to not being foreseen beforehand and who experience investment loss, given compensation for profit deprivation and investment losses? Are the investment costs of mining operations covered precisely? In these kinds of investment overlaps in Turkey, particularly license and land use fees of mining enterprises are not paid, compensation for profit deprivation are not paid by considering proved mineral reserve, and investment costs are given only to a limited extent. This situation occurred e.g. in Izmir as a result of the overlapping of 15 mining operations with a highway investment project route. The expectation of mining enterprises in Turkey and the opinion of doctrine considering Turkish Constitution and legislative provisions are that all mining investment losses to met completely and compensation for profit deprivation to met to a certain extent. In the answers given to the question asked for mining enterprises through SurveyMonkey program in 2018, most of the enterprises request that compensation for lost profit is given from the proved reserved to a certain extent due to mineral reserve losses. Along with the available investment costs foreseen in Turkish Mining Regulation, several times more of six-month operating costs determined as profit deprivation in nationalizations can be given to all mining enterprises whose activities are terminated in these investment overlaps. Or, a different method can be applied in the calculation of compensation for profit deprivation. In this method, it is suggested that a new calculation for compensation for profit deprivation shall be made by considering pit sale prices and proved reserves. There are distinctions made as the operations -whose proved reserves are determined according to UMREK, The operations whose proved reserves are not determined according to UMREK (or whose proved reserves determined in mining operating projects), “mining enterprise whose proved mineral reserve is determined according to UMREK (congruent with CRIRSCO), or not determined according to UMREK (considered mining operating project in Turkey), “open-pit or underground mining operation” and “mining operation providing or not providing additional added value by processing the minerals in their country and facilities.” Considering these differences, it was suggested to apply different compensation rates.
•Compensations given to mining investors in the overlaps of mining with other investment activities are inadequate.•In these investment overlaps, mining enterprises should not be only given investment costs with limited amounts.•Additionally, license/land use fees and compensation for profit deprivation should be given.•In the compensation, proved mineral reserve/operating lifetime, CRIRSCO reserve reporting, pit sale prices can be considered.•Compensation practices foreseen in nationalizations and investment disputes in the world can be considered in these overlaps.
Mining, by nature, is a sector that requires broad land-use. On the other hand, in many sectors, are made changes in land-use apart from land-use planning for their activity. This situation causes an ...overlapping between other areas of activity such as energy or infrastructure investment activities and mining areas. One of these occurred as a result of the overlapping which emerged between a highway project planned to be constructed in Izmir by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM) in Turkey and some of the andesite/basaltic mine sites. On-site Audit Committee evaluated the overlapping mining sites and based on the relevant report, the Board decided in favor of the highway route activity. Overlapping with highway routes negatively and differently affected mining operations due to the different locations of mineral reserves and mine open-pits/facilities. The main reasons for it result from the fact that the highway overlap isn’t pre-planned or that the whole of mineral reserves wasn't determined as completely proved reserve during area overlap. In this study, the affected states of mining operations which overlapped with highway route are analyzed by considering mining land-use concepts. In this overlapping, an effort was made for the continuation of both activities on the condition that the highway route would remain unchanged and mining operation license and permit areas would be narrowed down. Once the minerals are discovered as proved reserves, they should be shown in upper-scaled environmental plans, and thus, efforts should be made to protect mine areas against any other investment activity to be planned later on. When a mining investor applies for an operating license, it is beneficial that the investor is completely informed regarding whether there is/will be another activity in the area the investor applies for. Hence, after starting production, area overlaps due to the projects foreseen afterwards can be prevented. Moving to the practices in which mining and other sectors are evaluated within the framework of a strategic planning will help solve the problems.
•A mine-highway route overlap was analyzed by considering the terms mining land-use.•The legislation in Turkey was announced on the matter of overlapping of mining and energy/infrastructure activities.•Matters such as land-use plannings and processes for highway construction were explained.•Do highways correspond with upper-scaled development plans, are mines evaluated with other sectors in strategic planning?•Matters such as planning-conservation of mine areas and whether land overlaps would create mine resource loss are discussed.
Environmental criteria have an impact on the decisions made whether to realize mining operating activities or not alongside with criteria for production and investment such as reserve, cut off grade, ...sales price, cost. In this direction, according to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), it is determined whether mining projects will be carried out or not. Necessary arrangements have been made in the EIA Regulations since the first time they came into force in Turkey. And environmentally sensitive EIA reports were prepared to carry out mining activities. Additionally, the participation of local community to the EIA process is ensured and mining enterprises also contribute economically to the mining region. Turkey has adopted legislation similar to EU legislation and carried out its applications in EIA and other environmental legislation in compliance with EU legislation for the European Union (EU) membership. Thus, in Turkey, being sensitive to the environment, EIA for mining is carried out under a tighter audit and more controlled way compared to EU countries locally and no mining projects that do not comply with the environment are approved and current activities are halted. However, bureaucracy has increased in EIA assessments, permitting processes have been prolonged, and mining investments have become difficult. This situation can be observed with the decline of Turkey in the worldwide rank regarding the mining investment attractiveness index (IAI) category and the other categories determining it, or with the fact that Turkey doesn't have a steady progress when compared to the EU member states. For the solution of the problems in Turkey, it was suggested that legislation which would enable projects with EIA Positive decisions to be carried out by being subjected to only one law and being obtained from one institution was made. Also, it is beneficial to take account of the suggestion which says each mineral group shall be subject to different processes in terms of EIA due to the fact that each may have a significantly different environmental effect. According to the survey conducted, majority of mining sector agrees with this view.
•Turkey realizes a similar application with EU in the environmental legislation in compliance with EU legislation.•Frequent amendments in the EIA legislation negatively affect the mining enterprises that are in the permit period.•Frequent amendments in EIA legislation, and the bureaucracy during the permit process negatively affect mining enterprises.•Ranks of Turkey and other EU Countries were compared in investment attractiveness index categories of the Fraser Institute.•According to survey conducted, majority of mining enterprises ask for different EIA applications based on mineral groups.
As it is applied in many world countries, state right is also charged for each production after mining activities in Turkey. State right is charged at varying rates according to mineral groups. In ...the development of mining legislation, these rates and state right calculation methods also underwent a change. The most important among these is switching to the method of demanding state rights over pit sale price instead of the method of demanding state rights over annual operating balance sheet gross profit in Turkey since 2004. As a result, despite the incentive discounts in the state right rates of mineral groups, the state right rates increased several times. The state brought an increase in the state right rates of metallic minerals in particular by considering the decrease in the number of mining operation permits in the last yearsAccording to the latest legislation, state rights are charged at rates varying between 0.5 and 18.75% according to mineral groups. Envisaging the determination of the equal pit sale price in state rights and granting the administration the discretionary power on this issue also creates a hidden increase in these rates. All these increases enabled the state to charge more state rights from the mining sector. State rights accrual based on US$ increased 8 times from 2004 to 2019, and ∼4 times per one mining operation permit. However, it is reported as news in the Turkish public that mining enterprises only give a 2–4% of share as a state right and do not make any other contributions apart from this. By using “SurveyMonkey”, permanent supervisors working in the mining enterprises were asked questions how much the share of state rights paid by the enterprises actually were. The state right cost of each mining enterprise was proportioned to the average annual operating costs of these mining enterprises. The results, along with varying based on the different mineral groups, show that the state rights take a high degree of share in mining operating costs in Turkey. In addition, the state right rates in Turkey are quite high compared to other countries in the world that charge state rights over the pit sale prices. Above all, not only the state right in Turkey but when considered with all land-use fees charged from mining operating activities, enterprises economically have difficulties with maintaining the operability of available mining investments in the presence of these costs they pay. For these reasons, in this study, considering the applications in other world countries regarding the state right rates and calculation methods envisaged in the legislation, solutions are put forward. If a discount is made at reasonable rates in other fees paid by mining enterprises, perhaps there will be no need to make discounts in state right rates. However, not giving an increase in state right rates is suggested.
•"State's rights” collected have shown an increase particularly since 2004 in Turkey with the effect of legislative amendments.•Considering other costs, the share of state's rights (SR) of mining enterprises is high in operating costs in Turkey.•SR shares vary according to different mineral groups and open-pit/underground mining production methods.•Compared to other countries where SR are charged over the pit sale prices, SR rates are high in Turkey.•How should SR rates/calculation methods be optimally for both not to pose a cost risk and for state to obtain high income?
