have displayed widespread trends of antimicrobial resistance in recent years. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the antimicrobial susceptibility of common bacteria and explore the significance in ...treatment and research of infections induced by
.
We retrospectively analysed 10,775 antimicrobial susceptibility test results acquired over a 6-year period in the affiliated hospital of Chengde Medical University. We divided the data based on specimen type (blood, sputum, pus, or urine), and population characteristics (age bracket and sex) for analysis. We mainly analysed the antimicrobial susceptibility of
(Eco),
(Kpn), and
(Ecl).
In our study, it was found that the resistance rates of Eco, Kpn, and Ecl to most antimicrobial agents were significantly different (
< 0.05) on specimen type and age bracket. The Eco from sputum had the highest resistance rates except ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LVX), and gentamicin (GEN); the Kpn from urine had the highest resistance rates to all antimicrobial agents; the Ecl from urine had the highest resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents. The Eco from geriatric patients had the highest resistance rates except GEN and SXT; the Kpn from adult patients had the lowest resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents except LVX. The Eco isolated from males had higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents except CIP, LVX, and NIT than those isolated from females; the Kpn showed significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility to only 5 out of 22 antimicrobial agents (
< 0.05); the Ecl showed significant differences in susceptibility only to two antimicrobial agents, LVX and TOB (
< 0.01).
The antimicrobial susceptibility of
was significantly different among specimen type, age bracket and sex of patients, which is of great significance for the treatment and research of infection.
The cross-sectional behaviour of laminated glass (LG) is characterised by a significant zigzag effect owing to the large stiffness mismatch between the glass and polymer layers. The approach ...incorporated in current glass design standards is based on the use of a monolithic model with an effective thickness, which suffers several sources of inaccuracy and limitations. In this paper, laminated shell elements with an alternating stiff/soft lay-up are enhanced and used to model LG structures, so as to accurately reproduce the through-thickness behaviour of LG with a minimal number of zigzag displacement parameters per node. In order to consider the influence of loading rate and temperature on the response of LG, a linear viscoelastic material model is adopted to simulate the polymer interlayer, which is formulated based on a recursive formula for stress calculation. Finally, several applications of the proposed modelling approach for two-ply and multi-ply LG structures are presented, considering typical deflection, stability and creep problems, where the benefits of the proposed approach are demonstrated through comparisons against monolithic shell models based on an effective thickness as well as 3D continuum models.
Several image editing methods have been proposed in the past decades, achieving brilliant results. The most sophisticated of them, however, require additional information per‐pixel. For instance, ...dehazing requires a specific transmittance value per pixel, or depth of field blurring requires depth or disparity values per pixel. This additional per‐pixel value is obtained either through elaborated heuristics or through additional control over the capture hardware, which is very often tailored for the specific editing application. In contrast, however, we propose a generic editing paradigm that can become the base of several different applications. This paradigm generates both the needed per‐pixel values and the resulting edit at interactive rates, with minimal user input that can be iteratively refined. Our key insight for getting per‐pixel values at such speed is to cluster them into superpixels, but, instead of a constant value per superpixel (which yields accuracy problems), we have a mathematical expression for pixel values at each superpixel: in our case, an order two multinomial per superpixel. This leads to a linear least‐squares system, effectively enabling specific per‐pixel values at fast speeds. We illustrate this approach in three applications: depth of field blurring (from depth values), dehazing (from transmittance values) and tone mapping (from brightness and contrast local values), and our approach proves both favorably interactive and accurate in all three. Our technique is also evaluated with a common dataset and compared favorably.
•Tungsten exhibits significant indentation size and strain rate effects.•The two effects on hardness are, to a good approximation, directly additive.•The size effect is rate independent and can be ...described by the Nix-Gao model.•The strain rate effect is entirely due to the rate dependent lattice friction.
Materials indented at small scales may simultaneously exhibit indentation size and strain rate effects which complicate the identification of the mechanisms that control deformation and strength. Here, we explore the possibility that indentation size and rate effects in some materials can be decoupled in a simple way. Nanoindentation tests with various load-time histories were carried out to measure the hardness of a tungsten single crystal over a wide range of indentation depths (∼500–3600 nm) and indentation strain rates (∼5 × 10–5–2 × 10–1 s–1). Under these conditions, this material exhibits significant indentation size and rate effects, but the size effect is, to a good approximation, independent of strain rate. It is shown that this behavior can be understood by the Nix-Gao model for the indentation size effect modified to include the effects of a strain rate dependent friction stress. As a consequence, the size and rate dependencies of the hardness can be expressed as the sum of two independent terms:
H(ε˙i,hc)=Hf(ε˙i)+(H0−Hf)1+h*hc,
where H(ε˙i,hc) is the hardness at given indentation strain rate (ε˙i) and contact depth (hc), Hf(ε˙i) is the hardness contributed by the rate dependent friction stress, and (H0−Hf) and h* are size and rate independent constants that follow from the Nix-Gao analysis. This formula, together with an expression for the rate dependence of Hf, was successfully applied to decouple the indentation size and rate effects observed in tungsten. In addition, the physics underlying the rate independence of indentation size effect is discussed, which provides guidance for application of the proposed approach to other materials.
Peripartal cows mobilize not only body fat but also body protein to satisfy their energy requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prepartum BCS on blood biomarkers ...related to energy and nitrogen metabolism, and mRNA and protein abundance associated with AA metabolism and insulin signaling in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in peripartal cows. Twenty-two multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively classified into a high BCS (HBCS; n = 11, BCS ≥ 3.5) or normal BCS (NBCS; n = 11, BCS ≤ 3.17) group at d 28 before expected parturition. Cows were fed the same diet as a total mixed ration before parturition and were fed the same lactation diet postpartum. Blood samples collected at −10, 7, 15, and 30 d relative to parturition were used for analyses of biomarkers associated with energy and nitrogen metabolism. Biopsies of SAT harvested at −15, 7, and 30 d relative to parturition were used for mRNA (real time-PCR) and protein abundance (Western blotting) assays. Data were subjected to ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS (v. 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), with P ≤ 0.05 being the threshold for significance. Cows in HBCS had greater overall plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations, due to marked increases at 7 and 15 d postpartum. This response was similar (BCS × Day effect) to protein abundance of phosphorylated (p) protein kinase B (p-AKT), the insulin-induced glucose transporter (SLC2A4), and the sodium-coupled neutral AA transporter (SLC38A1). Abundance of these proteins was lower at −15 d compared with NBCS cows, and either increased (SLC2A4, SLC38A1) or did not change (p-AKT) at 7 d postpartum in HBCS. Unlike protein abundance, however, overall mRNA abundances of the high-affinity cationic (SLC7A1), proton-coupled (SLC36A1), and sodium-coupled amino acid transporters (SLC38A2) were greater in HBCS than NBCS cows, due to upregulation in the postpartum phase. Those responses were similar to protein abundance of p-mTOR, which increased (BCS × Day effect) at 7 d in HBCS compared with NBCS cows. mRNA abundance of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) and arginase 1 (ARG1) also was greater overall in HBCS cows. Together, these responses suggested impaired insulin signaling, coupled with greater postpartum AA transport rate and urea cycle activity in SAT of HBCS cows. An in vitro study using adipocyte and macrophage cocultures stimulated with various concentrations of fatty acids could provide some insights into the role of immune cells in modulating adipose tissue immunometabolic status, including insulin resistance and AA metabolism.
In nanometric cutting of single-crystal silicon wafers with a diamond tool, minimizing the tool wear is of great significance in order to achieve the satisfied surface quality and dimensional ...accuracy. For in-depth understanding of the tool wear mechanisms and the associated key factors, an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) was employed to detect the chemical compositions of the wafer surface layer generated in the machining. The experimental results reveal that two hard particles, i.e. the silicon carbide (SiC) and diamond-like carbon particles, are generated during cutting, and then those particles scratch and plough on the tool flank face so as to form the groove marks, which lead to the heavy tool wear. The inspections further indicate the carbon diffusion is essential for the formation of SiC and diamond-like carbon particles, and the concentration of diffused carbon left on the machined surface declines along with the increase in cutting distance. Therefore, an efficient solution to suppress the tool wear is much needed, particularly for preventing the diffusion of diamond carbons into silicon wafer. Moreover, the formation of SiC and diamond-like carbon particles has no anisotropy although different crystalline planes of the diamond crystal are used as tool rake and flank faces through orientation arrangements. However, their resistances to the carbon diffusion present visible anisotropy.
To solve existing problems in modeling facade of building merely with point feature based on close-range images , a new method for modeling building facade under line feature constraint is proposed ...in this paper. Firstly, Camera parameters and sparse spatial point clouds data were restored using the SFM , and 3D dense point clouds were generated with MVS; Secondly, the line features were detected based on the gradient direction , those detected line features were fit considering directions and lengths , then line features were matched under multiple types of constraints and extracted from multi-image sequence. At last, final facade mesh of a building was triangulated with point cloud and line features. The experiment shows that this method can effectively reconstruct the geometric facade of buildings using the advantages of combining point and line features of the close - range image sequence，especially in restoring the contour information of the facade of buildings.
•All the {112}〈111〉 twinning activation follows Schmid law below σT, while a portion of them deviates from the law above σT.•Twin growth in pearlite depends on orientation of an activated twinning ...plane relative to cementite lamellae.•Bulk plastic strain increases with increasing stress, mainly via twinning in ferrite and dislocation slip in pearlite.•Both phase transition and {112}〈111〉 twin boundaries are necessary for the occurrence of {332}〈113〉 twins.
Deformation twinning in a medium carbon steel containing ferrite and pearlite under shock compression is investigated below and above the α–ε phase transition stress (σT), within a peak stress range of 10–20 GPa. Free surface velocity histories are measured to obtain the Hugoniot elastic limit (2.7 GPa), σT (13.3 GPa) and bulk plastic strain. Postmortem samples are characterized with electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Below σT, all the {112}〈111〉 twinning activation in ferrite and pearlite follows the Schmid law, while above σT, approximately 1/6 of the activation deviates from the law. Propagation of the {112}〈111〉 twins in pearlite depends on the orientation of the activated twinning plane relative to cementite lamellae. With increasing peak stress, the {112}〈111〉 twin area fraction in ferrite/pearlite increases greatly/slightly; the {112}〈111〉 twin area fraction in ferrite is about 7 times that of pearlite. The {332}〈113〉 twins can only form above σT, favoring ferrite over pearlite, and are likely to be the secondary twins originated at the {112}〈111〉 twin boundaries.
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