Background
Early childhood caries (ECC) describes dental caries affecting children aged 0–71 months. Current research suggests ECC has important aetiological bases during the first year of life. Gaps ...in knowledge about disease progression prevent the effective and early identification of ‘at risk’ children.
Aim
To conduct a systematic review of research studies focusing on (a) acquisition and colonization of oral bacteria and ECC and (b) risk and/or protective factors in infants aged 0–12 months.
Design
Ovid Medline and Embase databases (1996–2011) were searched for RCT, longitudinal, cross‐sectional and qualitative studies. Two investigators undertook a quality assessment for risk of bias.
Results
Inclusion criteria were met for (a) by four papers and for (b) by 13 papers; five papers were rated medium or high quality. Bacterial acquisition/colonization and modifying factor interrelationships were identified, but their role in the caries process was not clarified. Key risk indicators were infant feeding practices (nine papers), maternal circumstances and oral health (6) and infant‐related oral health behaviours (4).
Conclusion
This review confirmed that factors occurring during the first year of life affect ECC experience. Despite heterogeneity, findings indicated maternal factors influence bacterial acquisition, whereas colonization was mediated by oral health behaviours and practices and feeding habits.
All-metallic corrugate core sandwich panels as primary loading structures may rapidly soften under compressive loading due mainly to core member buckling once the peak compressive stress is reached, ...resulting in reduced load-carrying capability. Inserting close-celled aluminum foam into the corrugate core has been envisioned as a feasible way to enhance the load capacity. The enhancement due to foam filling were firstly explored experimentally under quasi-static out-of-plane compression and the underlying mechanisms subsequently numerically studied using finite element simulations. The foam filled corrugated panel was found to have strength and energy absorption much greater than the sum of those of an empty corrugated sandwich panel and the aluminum foam alone. It was demonstrated that the core members in the foam-filled panel were considerably stabilized by the filling foam against lateral deflection. In particular, the elastoplastic buckling wavelength of the core members was significantly reduced and the transition from axial deformation to bending of the core member was much delayed, both of which contributing to the enhanced strength and energy adsorption capability of the foam filled panel.
The imprinted, developmentally regulated H19 long noncoding RNA has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse human cancers, but the underlying mechanisms have remained poorly understood. Here, ...we report that H19 promotes tumor cell migration and invasion by inhibiting let-7, a potent tumor suppressor microRNA that functions to posttranscriptionally suppress the expression of oncogenes that regulate cell growth and motility. We show that H19 depletion impairs, whereas its overexpression enhances the motility and invasiveness of tumor cells. These phenomena occur, at least in part through affecting let-7-mediated regulation of metastasis-promoting genes, including Hmga2, c-Myc and Igf2bp3. This H19/let-7-dependent regulation is recapitulated in vivo where co-expressions of oncogenes and H19 exist in both primary human ovarian and endometrial cancers. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the anti-diabetic drug metformin inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion, partly by downregulating H19 via DNA methylation. Our results reveal a novel mechanism underpinning H19-mediated regulation in metastasis and may explain why in some cases increased let-7 expression unexpectedly correlates with poor prognosis, given the widely accepted role for let-7 as a tumor suppressor. Targeting this newly identified pathway might offer therapeutic opportunities.
Abstract
We present the second release of value-added catalogues of the LAMOST Spectroscopic Survey of the Galactic Anticentre (LSS-GAC DR2). The catalogues present values of radial velocity Vr, ...atmospheric parameters – effective temperature Teff, surface gravity log g, metallicity Fe/H, α-element to iron (metal) abundance ratio α/Fe (α/M), elemental abundances C/H and N/H and absolute magnitudes MV and $M_{K_{\rm s}}$ deduced from 1.8 million spectra of 1.4 million unique stars targeted by the LSS-GAC since 2011 September until 2014 June. The catalogues also give values of interstellar reddening, distance and orbital parameters determined with a variety of techniques, as well as proper motions and multiband photometry from the far-UV to the mid-IR collected from the literature and various surveys. Accuracies of radial velocities reach 5 km s−1 for the late-type stars, and those of distance estimates range between 10 and 30 per cent, depending on the spectral signal-to-noise ratios. Precisions of Fe/H, C/H and N/H estimates reach 0.1 dex, and those of α/Fe and α/M reach 0.05 dex. The large number of stars, the contiguous sky coverage, the simple yet non-trivial target selection function and the robust estimates of stellar radial velocities and atmospheric parameters, distances and elemental abundances make the catalogues a valuable data set to study the structure and evolution of the Galaxy, especially the solar-neighbourhood and the outer disc.
Epileptic encephalopathies are severe epilepsy disorders with strong genetic bases. We performed targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS) in 70 patients with epileptic encephalopathies. The likely ...pathogenicity of variants in candidate genes was evaluated by American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) scoring taken together with the accepted clinical presentation. Thirty‐three candidate variants were detected after population filtration and computational prediction. According to ACMG, 21 candidate variants, including 18 de novo variants, were assessed to be pathogenic/likely pathogenic with clinical concordance. Twelve variants were initially assessed as uncertain significance by ACMG, among which 3 were considered causative and 3 others were considered possibly causative after analysis of clinical concordance. In total, 24 variants were identified as putatively causative, among which 19 were novel findings. SCN1A mutations were identified in 50% of patients with Dravet syndrome. TSC1/TSC2 mutations were detected in 66.7% of patients with tuberous sclerosis. STXBP1 mutations were the main findings in patients with West syndrome. Mutations in SCN2A, KCNT1, KCNQ2 and CLCN4 were identified in patients with epileptic infantile with migrating focal seizures; among them, KCNQ2 and CLCN4 were first identified as potential causative genes. Only one CHD2 mutation was detected in patients with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. This study highlighted the utility of targeted NGS in genetic diagnoses of epileptic encephalopathies and a comprehensive evaluation of the pathogenicity of variants based on ACMG scoring and assessment of clinical concordance. Epileptic encephalopathies differ in genetic causes, and the genotype‐phenotype correlations would provide insights into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
We identified 24 causative mutations (19 novel) in a cohort of 70 EE patients and delineated new phenotype associated with CLCN4 and KCNQ2.
We study the efficiency of galactic feedback in the early Universe by stacking the C II 158
μ
m emission in a large sample of normal star-forming galaxies at 4 <
z
< 6 from the ALMA Large Program ...to INvestigate C II at Early times (ALPINE) survey. Searching for typical signatures of outflows in the high-velocity tails of the stacked C II profile, we observe (i) deviations from a single-component Gaussian model in the combined residuals and (ii) broad emission in the stacked C II spectrum, with velocities of |
v
|≲500 km s
−1
. The significance of these features increases when stacking the subset of galaxies with star formation rates (SFRs) higher than the median (SFR
med
= 25
M
⊙
yr
−1
), thus confirming their star-formation-driven nature. The estimated mass outflow rates are comparable to the SFRs, yielding mass-loading factors of the order of unity (similarly to local star-forming galaxies), suggesting that star-formation-driven feedback may play a lesser role in quenching galaxies at
z
> 4. From the stacking analysis of the datacubes, we find that the combined C II core emission (|
v
|< 200 km s
−1
) of the higher-SFR galaxies is extended on physical sizes of ∼30 kpc (diameter scale), well beyond the analogous C II core emission of lower-SFR galaxies and the stacked far-infrared continuum. The detection of such extended metal-enriched gas, likely tracing circumgalactic gas enriched by past outflows, corroborates previous similar studies, confirming that baryon cycle and gas exchanges with the circumgalactic medium are at work in normal star-forming galaxies already at early epochs.
We present a clear case study on the occurrence of two successive X-class flares, including a decade-class flare (X9.3) and two coronal mass ejections (CMEs) triggered by shearing motion and sunspot ...rotation in active region NOAA 12673 on 2017 September 6. A shearing motion between the main sunspots with opposite polarities began on September 5 and lasted even after the second X-class flare on September 6. Moreover, the main sunspot with negative polarity rotated around its umbral center, and another main sunspot with positive polarity also exhibited a slow rotation. The sunspot with negative polarity at the northwest of the active region also began to rotate counterclockwise before the onset of the first X-class flare, which is related to the formation of the second S-shaped structure. The successive formation and eruption of two S-shaped structures were closely related to the counterclockwise rotation of the three sunspots. The existence of a flux rope is found prior to the onset of two flares by using nonlinear force-free field extrapolation based on the vector magnetograms observed by Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Image. The first flux rope corresponds to the first S-shaped structures mentioned above. The second S-shaped structure was formed after the eruption of the first flux rope. These results suggest that a shearing motion and sunspot rotation play an important role in the buildup of the free energy and the formation of flux ropes in the corona that produces solar flares and CMEs.
iPTF16geu Goobar, A.; Amanullah, R.; Kulkarni, S. R. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
04/2017, Letnik:
356, Številka:
6335
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We report the discovery of a multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova, iPTF16geu (SN 2016geu), at redshift z = 0.409. This phenomenon was identified because the light from the ...stellar explosion was magnified more than 50 times by the curvature of space around matter in an intervening galaxy. We used high-spatial-resolution observations to resolve four images of the lensed supernova, approximately 0.3 arc seconds from the center of the foreground galaxy. The observations probe a physical scale of ~1 kiloparsec, smaller than is typical in other studies of extragalactic gravitational lensing. The large magnification and symmetric image configuration imply close alignment between the lines of sight to the supernova and to the lens. The relative magnifications of the four images provide evidence for substructures in the lensing galaxy.
Background & Aims Studies of obesity and diverticular complications are limited. We assessed the relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio and ...diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. Methods A prospective cohort study of 47,228 male health professionals (40–75 years old) who were free of diverticular disease in 1986 (baseline) was performed. Men reporting newly diagnosed diverticular disease on biennial follow-up questionnaires were sent supplemental questionnaires. Weight was recorded every 2 years, and data on waist and hip circumferences were collected in 1987. Results We documented 801 incident cases of diverticulitis and 383 incident cases of diverticular bleeding during 18 years of follow-up. After adjustment for other risk factors, men with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 had a relative risk (RR) of 1.78 (95% confidence interval CI, 1.08–2.94) for diverticulitis and 3.19 (95% CI, 1.45–7.00) for diverticular bleeding compared with men with a BMI of <21 kg/m2 . Men in the highest quintile of waist circumference, compared with those in the lowest, had a multivariable RR of 1.56 (95% CI, 1.18–2.07) for diverticulitis and 1.96 (95% CI, 1.30–2.97) for diverticular bleeding. Waist-to-hip ratio was also associated with the risk of diverticular complications when the highest and lowest quintiles were compared, with a multivariable RR of 1.62 (95% CI, 1.23–2.14) for diverticulitis and 1.91 (95% CI, 1.26–2.90) for diverticular bleeding. Adjustment for BMI did not change the associations seen for waist-to-hip ratio. Conclusions In this large prospective cohort, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio significantly increased the risks of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding.
Is silicene the next graphene? Yan Voon, L.C. Lew; Guzmán-Verri, G.G.
MRS bulletin,
04/2014, Letnik:
39, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article reviews silicene, a relatively new allotrope of silicon, which can also be viewed as the silicon version of graphene. Graphene is a two-dimensional material with unique electronic ...properties qualitatively different from those of standard semiconductors such as silicon. While many other two-dimensional materials are now being studied, our focus here is solely on silicene. We first discuss its synthesis and the challenges presented. Next, a survey of some of its physical properties is provided. Silicene shares many of the fascinating properties of graphene, such as the so-called Dirac electronic dispersion. The slightly different structure, however, leads to a few major differences compared to graphene, such as the ability to open a bandgap in the presence of an electric field or on a substrate, a key property for digital electronics applications. We conclude with a brief survey of some of the potential applications of silicene.
PDF
![The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] surv...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0004-6361/small "The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] survey: Star-formation-driven outflows and circumgalactic enrichment in the early Universe")
