Background: Recent epidemiologic studies have found that self-reported duration of sleep is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and mortality. The extent to which self reports of sleep ...duration are similar to objective measures and whether individual characteristics influence the degree of similarity are not known. Methods: Eligible participants at the Chicago site of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study were invited to participate in a 2003–2005 ancillary sleep study; 82% (n = 669) agreed. Sleep measurements collected in 2 waves included 3 days each of wrist actigraphy, a sleep log, and questions about usual sleep duration. We estimate the average difference and correlation between subjectively and objectively measured sleep by using errors-in-variables regression models. Results: Average measured sleep was 6 hours, whereas the average from subjective reports was 6.8 hours. Subjective reports increased on average by 34 minutes for each additional hour of measured sleep. Overall, the correlation between reported and measured sleep duration was 0.47. Our model suggests that persons sleeping 5 hours over-reported their sleep duration by 1.2 hours, and those sleeping 7 hours over-reported by 0.4 hours. The correlations and average differences between self-reports and measured sleep varied by health, sociodemographic, and sleep characteristics. Conclusion: In a population-based sample of middle-aged adults, subjective reports of habitual sleep are moderately correlated with actigraph-measured sleep, but are biased by systematic over-reporting. The true associations between sleep duration and health may differ from previously reported associations between self-reported sleep and health.
In this work, we focus on the diameter effects on cytotoxicity of different diametered multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Cellular viability, phagocytotic ability, and apoptosis of guinea pig ...alveolar macrophages (AM) exposed to MWNTs were studied. MWNTs in smaller diameter showed less cytotoxicity than the larger ones at the same dosage. The phagocytosis ability of AM was partially impaired when the concentration of MWNTs was up to 20 microg/ml, where a further characteristic feature of AM apoptosis was observed. The results indicate that MWNTs in different diameters exhibited quite different cytotoxicity, and for the first time revealed the diameter-effect of MWNTs on cytotoxicity.
The cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (C16TMAOH) solution was proposed for the preparation of organoclays. Montmorillonite clay was acid activated at different acid/clay (a/c) (in mass) ratios, then ...treated with alkaline (sodium hydroxide) solution before being reacted with C16TMAOH solution. The acid activation caused a reduction in the number of cation exchange sites, and hence improved the exfoliation of the silicate sheets at higher pH values. The basal spacing increased significantly from 2.20 to 4.01 nm, and depended on the a/c ratios. The acid-activated clays with a/c ratios greater than 0.3 adsorbed significant amounts of C16TMA cations with a basal spacing of 4.01 nm compared with the non-acid-activated montmorillonite (2.51 nm). Meanwhile, the treatment of NaOH solution yielded clays with similar properties to that of the raw used clay. The XRF data, FT-IR, and 29Si MAS-NMR techniques confirmed that the resulting amorphous silica during the acid activation was dissolved, and accompanied by a dramatical reduction in the surface areas. Similar amounts of C16TMA cations were adsorbed, i.e., close to 1 mmol g-1, with a single basal spacing of 2.52 nm, independently of the treated acid-activated clays. The in-situ powder XRD studies revealed that an increase of the basal spacing to 4.20 nm was observed at intermediate temperatures ranging from 50 to 150 degree C for organo-acid-activated clays with basal spacing of 4.01 nm, while a continuous decrease of the basal spacing was observed for organoclays with a basal spacing of 2.52 nm. At higher temperatures greater than 250 degree C, the decomposition of the surfactant occurs, and the basal spacing decreases to a value of about 1.4 nm.
•Night-time sleep duration was associated with FPG, modified by sex.•Napping duration was associated with FPG, without modifications by sex or age.•Bedtime was associated with FPG, modified by sex ...and age.
The present study examined the associations between night-time sleep duration, midday napping duration and bedtime, and fasting glucose levels, and whether or not such associations are dependent on gender and age.
This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 172,901 adults aged≥40 years living in mainland China. Sleep duration was obtained by self-reports of bedtime at night, waking-up time the next morning and average napping duration at midday. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)≥7.0mmol/L was defined as hyperglycaemia. Independent associations between night-time sleep duration, midday naptime duration and bedtime with hyperglycaemia were evaluated using regression models.
Compared with night-time sleep durations of 6–7.9h, both short (<6h) and long (≥8h) night-time sleep durations were significantly associated with an increased risk of hyperglycaemia in women odds ratio (OR): 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.29 and OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08–1.21, respectively, and revealed a U-shaped distribution of risk in women and no significant association in men. Long midday nap durations (≥1h) were significantly but weakly associated with hyperglycaemia (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.09) compared with no napping without interactions from gender or age, whereas the association between bedtime and fasting glucose levels did vary according to gender and age.
Night-time sleep duration, midday napping duration and bedtime were all independently associated with the risk of hyperglycaemia, and some of the associations between these sleep characteristics and hyperglycaemia were gender- and age-dependent.
Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and disability in China. High blood pressure caused by excess intake of dietary sodium is widespread and an effective sodium ...reduction program has potential to improve cardiovascular health. Design This study is a large-scale, cluster-randomized, trial done in five Northern Chinese provinces. Two counties have been selected from each province and 12 townships in each county making a total of 120 clusters. Within each township one village has been selected for participation with 1:1 randomization stratified by county. The sodium reduction intervention comprises community health education and a food supply strategy based upon providing access to salt substitute. Subsidization of the price of salt substitute was done in 30 intervention villages selected at random. Control villages continued usual practices. The primary outcome for the study is dietary sodium intake level estimated from assays of 24-hour urine. Trial status The trial recruited and randomized 120 townships in April 2011. The sodium reduction program was commenced in the 60 intervention villages between May and June of that year with outcome surveys scheduled for October to December 2012. Baseline data collection shows that randomisation achieved good balance across groups. Discussion The establishment of the China Rural Health Initiative has enabled the launch of this large-scale trial designed to identify a novel, scalable strategy for reduction of dietary sodium and control of blood pressure. If proved effective, the intervention could plausibly be implemented at low cost in large parts of China and other countries worldwide.
Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was used to minimize the adverse effect of serpentine for improving ascharite recovery. The effects of particle size and content of SHMP, and serpentine on ascharite ...flotation process were investigated through flotation, zeta potential tests, FT-IR analysis, XPS analysis and DLVO theory. Particles interaction and mechanism of SHMP were also discussed. It was found that aggregation between serpentine and ascharite particles easily happened, and the particle size of serpentine had a profound impact on the ascharite recovery. In particular, the fine serpentine with size less than 38 μm had the greatest contribution to the deterioration of ascharite flotation performance. After SHMP treatment, the adverse effect of serpentine was significantly reduced. The mechanism of SHMP showed that it could alter the surface charges of serpentine and ascharite to prevent severe interparticle aggregation, which resulted in a well-dispersed pulp and benefited ascharite flotation process. The adsorption of SHMP on serpentine was due to hydrogen bonding and chemical adsorption, resulting in the formation of complex on serpentine surface to decrease its floatability.
Summary
Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE), which catalyses the exchange of extracellular Na+ for intracellular H+, is of importance in the maintenance of Na+ and pH homoeostasis for rumen epithelial cells. ...Studies in ruminants showed that high concentrate diets could increase the expression of NHE in ruminal epithelium. Results of recent studies further indicated that insulin, as an important hormone closely related to dietary concentrate, could enhance the expression of NHE. In this study, we have investigated the mechanisms of insulin regulating the expression of NHE in rumen epithelial cells and its potential role in dietary modulation of NHE expression in ruminal epithelium of cows. In primary culture, insulin increased phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and AKT in rumen epithelial cells. However, this promotion was diminished by insulin receptor inhibitor. Insulin also stimulated NHE1 and NHE3 expression. But this increase was suppressed by insulin receptor inhibitor, ERK inhibitor and AKT inhibitor. In the present animal experiment, NHE1 and NHE3 expression increased in rumen epithelium of cows ingesting a high concentrate diet (HC, 60% concentrate), accompanied by increased insulin concentration in plasma, compared to those feeding a low concentrate diet (LC, 20% concentrate). Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT was higher in the rumen epithelium of the HC group than those in the LC group. Collectively, these results indicate that diet‐dependent change of NHE1 and NHE3 abundance was mediated, at least in part, by plasma insulin through the ERK and AKT pathway.
To study the clinicopathological characteristics of lung salivary gland-type tumors (SGT), and to compare with the corresponding primary SGT in salivary glands.
Twenty-three cases of lung SGT were ...retrieved from the files of Peking University First Hospital from January 2004 to September 2018. The morphology, immunophenotype, genotype and outcome of these cases were analyzed.
The 23 patients included 13 males and 10 females, with age range of 13-79 years (median 54 years). There were 11 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 10 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), one case each of clear cell carcinoma and myoepithelioma. The morphology and immunophenotype of lung SGT were very similar to their counterparts in salivary gland. MYB rearrangement was detected in one of 11 adenoid cystic carcinomas. MAML2 rearrangement was detected in all the MECs. EWSR1 rearrangement was detected in the one case of clear cell carcinoma. Of patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma, the survival time was more than 60 months (three ca
We present a sample of 17 newly discovered ultracool dwarf candidates later than ~M8, drawn from 231.90 arcmin2 of Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 infrared imaging. By comparing the ...observed number counts for 17.5 <= J 125 <= 25.5 AB mag to an exponential disk model, we estimate a vertical scale height of z scl = 290 ? 25 (random) ? 31 (systematic) pc for a binarity fraction of fb = 0. While our estimate is roughly consistent with published results, we suggest that the differences can be attributed to sample properties, with the present sample containing far more substellar objects than previous work. We predict the object counts should peak at J 125 ~ 24 AB mag due to the exponentially declining number density at the edge of the disk. We conclude by arguing that trend in scale height with spectral type may breakdown for brown dwarfs since they do not settle onto the main sequence.
By applying a mixed-ligand approach based on an amino functionalized ligand 1-aminobenzene-3,4,5-tricarboxylic acid (H
3
abta), a novel metal-organic framework (MOF) containing Co(II) ion {Co
2.5
...(abta)(trz)
2
(H
2
O)·3H
2
O}
n
(1, Htrz = 1H-1,2,4-triazole) were produced via Co(NO
3
)
2
·6H
2
O reacting with H
3
abta with the existence of Htrz as the co-ligand. The prepared catalyst 1a (activated 1) is abundant in the amino groups and open metal sites (OMSs), which is helpful to obtain high CO
2
capacity of adsorption around room temperature and effectively convert CO
2
to pentacyclic carbamate with the help of Bu
4
NBr as the cocatalyst. For the treatment of infectious fever, the colony-forming unit (CFU) was performed and the E. coli number in the mice was counted. Next, the inflammatory cytokines level in the infected mice was measured after the compound treatment.
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