A magnetic molybdenum disulfide (Fe–Fe
2
O
3
@PDA@MoS
2
) was prepared and evaluated as a dispersive viscosity reducing catalyst for the heavy oil. The catalysts were analyzed using a variety of ...characterization methods, and the effects of preparation method and oleic acid treatment on performance were also compared. The particle size of Fe–Fe
2
O
3
magnetic nanochains was about 80 nm, the saturation magnetization strength was 110 emu/g, and the components in the nanochains were mainly iron elements. The catalyst further prepared by liquid phase precipitation had unique flower-like structure and good viscosity reduction ability. The loading amount of MoS
2
was 16.7 wt% and the saturation magnetization was 36.3 emu/g, while the saturation magnetization of the oleic acid treated sample was 28.9 emu/g. The as-prepared Fe–Fe
2
O
3
@PDA@MoS
2
can reach more than viscosity reduction 99% under 10 MPa hydrogen pressure and 400 ~ 415 °C. In addition, the component analyses of four groups (saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltenes) for the liquid products in the heavy oil were conducted to analysis the mechanism of viscosity reduction of catalyst.
Abstract
Van der Waals magnets have emerged as a fertile ground for the exploration of highly tunable spin physics and spin-related technology. Two-dimensional (2D) magnons in van der Waals magnets ...are collective excitation of spins under strong confinement. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding 2D magnons, a crucial magnon device called the van der Waals magnon valve, in which the magnon signal can be completely and repeatedly turned on and off electrically, has yet to be realized. Here we demonstrate such magnon valves based on van der Waals antiferromagnetic insulator MnPS
3
. By applying DC electric current through the gate electrode, we show that the second harmonic thermal magnon (SHM) signal can be tuned from positive to negative. The guaranteed zero crossing during this tuning demonstrates a complete blocking of SHM transmission, arising from the nonlinear gate dependence of the non-equilibrium magnon density in the 2D spin channel. Using the switchable magnon valves we demonstrate a magnon-based inverter. These results illustrate the potential of van der Waals anti-ferromagnets for studying highly tunable spin-wave physics and for application in magnon-base circuitry in future information technology.
The abuse and residues of antibiotics have a great impact on the environment and organisms, and their determination has become very important. Due to their low contents, varieties and complex ...matrices, effective recognition, separation and enrichment are usually required prior to determination. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a kind of highly selective polymer prepared via molecular imprinting technology (MIT), are used widely in the analytical detection of antibiotics, as adsorbents of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and as recognition elements of sensors. Herein, recent advances in MIPs for antibiotic residue analysis are reviewed. Firstly, several new preparation techniques of MIPs for detecting antibiotics are briefly introduced, including surface imprinting, nanoimprinting, living/controlled radical polymerization, and multi-template imprinting, multi-functional monomer imprinting and dummy template imprinting. Secondly, several SPE modes based on MIPs are summarized, namely packed SPE, magnetic SPE, dispersive SPE, matrix solid-phase dispersive extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction and pipette-tip SPE. Thirdly, the basic principles of MIP-based sensors and three sensing modes, including electrochemical sensing, optical sensing and mass sensing, are also outlined. Fourthly, the research progress on molecularly imprinted SPEs (MISPEs) and MIP-based electrochemical/optical/mass sensors for the detection of various antibiotic residues in environmental and food samples since 2018 are comprehensively reviewed, including sulfonamides, quinolones, β-lactams and so on. Finally, the preparation and application prospects of MIPs for detecting antibiotics are outlined.
Vitiligo is a common chronic depigmented skin disease characterized by melanocyte loss or dysfunction in the lesion. The pathogenesis of vitiligo has not been fully clarified. Most studies have ...suggested that the occurrence and progression of vitiligo are due to multiple factors and gene interactions in which noncoding RNAs contribute to an individual’s susceptibility to vitiligo. Noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), are a hot topic in posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism research. miRNAs are noncoding RNAs with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides and play a negative regulatory role by binding to the 3′-UTR or 5′-UTR of the target mRNA to inhibit translation or initiate mRNA degradation. Previous studies have screened the differential expression profiles of miRNAs in the skin lesions, melanocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and sera of patients and mouse models with vitiligo. Moreover, several studies have focused on miRNA-25, miRNA-155 and other miRNAs involved in melanin metabolism, oxidative stress, and melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis. These miRNAs and regulatory processes further illuminate the pathogenesis of vitiligo and provide hope for the application of small molecules in the treatment of vitiligo. In this review, we summarize miRNA expression profiles in different tissues of vitiligo patients and the mechanisms by which key miRNAs mediate vitiligo development.
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a significant role in multi-drug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells, resulting in the failure of cancer chemotherapy. Lathyrane diterpene was a class of promising MDR ...modulator. The phytochemical investigation on the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L. aff ;orded four new lathyrol-type diterpenoids (1-4), together with seventeen known ones (5-23). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. All the compounds were evaluated reversing MDR activity in HepG2/ADR cells. Compounds 2-4, 7-9, 11, 13-14, 16, 18-19, and 2 1-2 3 at 20 μM was able to reverse MDR of HepG2/ADR cells to adriamycin (reversal fold: 10.05–448.39). In the investigation of reversing the MDR mechanism, the most potent compound 21 facilitated the accumulation of intracellular adriamycin in HepG2/ADR cells in the time-dependent model. Although 21 neither affected the P-gp distribution nor expression in HepG2/ADR cells, the amount of P-gp monomer was induced by 21 and verapamil. Compound 21 has also activated the P-gp coupled ATPase activity in a dose-dependent model. The molecular docking analysis implied that 21 had lower binding energy than verapamil and adriamycin. The present data demonstrated that lathyrane diterpenes may act as a class of high-affinity P-gp substrate and was effluxed by P-gp monomer to reverse the MDR.
Spatial arrangement of multiple cell types plays a critical role in maintaining the viability of cells and functionality of tissues. Micropatterning has been used to fabricate scaffolds to modulate ...cell distribution, growth, and functions for reconstructing the anisotropy in native tissues. In the current study, a glass substrate patterned with an electrically conductive circuit was prepared by lithography as a collector for electrospinning. Densely packed fibers were deposited on the top of silver strips and patterned fibrous mats were obtained with distinct ridge and groove areas. Orthogonal alignment was shown for fibers in the ridge and groove areas, and the pattern feature and fiber alignment were well maintained in the ridge during incubation of cells with patterned fibrous mats. Sequential confocal laser scanning from the top of cell-loaded fibrous mats indicated that a larger number of cells were spread in the ridge than that in the groove areas, and cells penetrated into the fibrous mats in the ridge. Microscopic observation and immunofluorescent staining indicated that cells and collagen deposition appeared to have distinct patterns on the fibrous scaffold and aligned along the directionality of fibers with an elongated morphology. It is concluded that lithography can provide the design flexibility of collectors with micrometer-scale precision patterning, and cells can be confined to precise locations, sizes, and shapes by the use of micropatterned fibrous scaffolds without any adverse effect on the cell viability and function. The results suggest the potential of patterned electrospun fibrous mats to construct complex tissues of well organized multiple cell types and with spatially distributed extracellular matrices.
•Multimeric AOX consisting of eight subunits was immobilized on electrospun fibers.•Branched PEI allows multipoint binding with AOX through glutaraldehyde activation.•Secondary and tertiary amino ...groups of PEI intensify interactions with AOX subunits.•Color strips were established on electrospun fibrous mats dyed with indigo Carmine.•Color fading ratio remained no significant change after repeat tests for 9 cycles.
An accurate quantitation of ethanol is of great importance in clinical and forensic analyses. In the current study, alcohol oxidase (AOX) from Pichia pastoris, a multimeric enzyme consisting of eight identical subunits, was immobilized on electrospun polystyrene-co-maleic anhydride (PSMA) fibers for valid tests of alcoholic saliva. Branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) was grafted on PSMA fibers with a density of 0.15nmol/cm2 as tethers to allow multipoint covalent binding of enzyme molecules through glutaraldehyde activation, and the secondary and tertiary amino groups of PEI could intensify the interactions with AOX subunits to stabilize the quaternary structure. PSMA-PEI-AOX fibers were less sensitive than free AOX to the incubation temperature and pH, and indicated no detectable subunit release from the immobilized AOX after boiling in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 2-mercaptoethanol. Color strips were established on PSMA-PEI-AOX fibrous mats dyed with indigo Carmine after incubation into ethanol solutions of different concentrations. The color fading ratio remained no significant change after repeat tests for 9 cycles after immersion in 0.2 and 0.8mg/mL of alcoholic saliva. It was indicated that multipoint immobilization of the multimeric enzyme was essential to improve the enzyme stability by stabilizing both the quaternary structure of the enzyme and the structure of each individual subunit.
The local acidic microenvironment triggered hydroxycamptothecin release from acid-labile electrospun fibers after intratumoral implantation, which effectively inhibited the tumor growth and induced ...tumor cell apoptosis.
The acidosis of tumor microenvironments is one of the universal phenomena of solid tumors, and the increased acidity may be in fact essential intermediates in the progression of tumor growth and several lethal phenotypic traits of tumors, such as invasion and metastasis. Acid-labile polymers PBELA with incorporating acetal groups into biodegradable backbone of poly(d,l-lactide)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PELA) were utilized to load hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) into electrospun fibers for intratumoral chemotherapy. Compared with that under a simulated physiological condition of pH 7.4, the incubation of PBELA fibers in acidic media resulted in larger mass loss and molecular weight reduction of fiber matrices and enhanced HCPT release from fibers. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of HCPT-loaded PBELA fibers indicated 6-fold higher inhibitory activity against HepG2 cells after incubation in pH 6.8 media than that of pH 7.4, while there was no significant difference for free HCPT and HCPT-loaded PELA fibers. The tumor growth, tumor cell apoptosis, and animal survival rate after intratumoral implantation of HCPT-loaded PBELA fibers indicated a superior in vivo antitumor activity and fewer side effects than other treatment. Therefore, acid-labile electrospun fibers may be promising implants for localized therapy of inoperable tumors and for prevention of post-surgical tumor recurrence.
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