Emulation of photonic synapses through photo‐recordable devices has aroused tremendous discussion owing to the low energy consumption, high parallel, and fault‐tolerance in artificial neuromorphic ...networks. Nonvolatile flash‐type photomemory with short photo‐programming time, long‐term storage, and linear plasticity becomes the most promising candidate. Nevertheless, the systematic studies of mechanism behind the charge transfer process in photomemory are limited. Herein, the physical properties of APbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) on the photoresponsive characteristics of derived poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT)/PQDs‐based photomemory through facile A‐site substitution approach are explored. Benefitting from the lowest valance band maximum and longest exciton lifetime of FAPbBr3 quantum dot (FA‐QDs), P3HT/FA‐QDs‐derived photomemory not only exhibits shortest photoresponsive characteristic time compared to FA0.5Cs0.5PbBr3 quantum dots (Mix‐QDs) and CsPbBr3 quantum dots (Cs‐QDs) but also displays excellent ON/OFF current ratio of 2.2 upon an extremely short illumination duration of 1 ms. Moreover, the device not only achieves linear plasticity of synapses by optical potentiation and electric depression, but also successfully emulates the features of photon synaptic such as pair‐pulse facilitation, long‐term plasticity, and multiple spike‐dependent plasticity and exhibits extremely low energy consumption of 3 × 10−17 J per synaptic event.
Engineering of minimum photo‐recording time in poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/APbBr3 perovskite quantum dots‐based photomemory via facile an A‐site substitution approach is demonstrated. poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl)/FAPbBr3 quantum dot‐derived photomemory displays an extremely short programming time of 1 ms and enables the extremely low energy consumption of 3 × 10−17 J per synaptic event on the application of photonic synapse.
As Charles Darwin anticipated, living fossils provide excellent opportunities to study evolutionary questions related to extinction, competition, and adaptation. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is one of ...the oldest living plants and a fascinating example of how people have saved a species from extinction and assisted its resurgence. By resequencing 545 genomes of ginkgo trees sampled from 51 populations across the world, we identify three refugia in China and detect multiple cycles of population expansion and reduction along with glacial admixture between relict populations in the southwestern and southern refugia. We demonstrate multiple anthropogenic introductions of ginkgo from eastern China into different continents. Further analyses reveal bioclimatic variables that have affected the geographic distribution of ginkgo and the role of natural selection in ginkgo's adaptation and resilience. These investigations provide insights into the evolutionary history of ginkgo trees and valuable genomic resources for further addressing various questions involving living fossil species.
Background
There are several studies comparing the difference between adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) of lung cancer. However, seldom studies compare the different overall ...survival (OS) between AC and SqCC at same clinical or pathological stage. The aim of the study was to investigate the 5-year OS between AC and SqCC groups.
Methods
Data were obtained from the Taiwan Society of Cancer Registry. There were 48,296 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients analyzed between 2009 and 2014 in this retrospective study. We analyzed both the AC and SqCC groups by age, gender, smoking status, Charlson co-morbidity index (CCI) score, clinical TNM stage, pathological stage, tumor location, histologic grade, pleura invasion, performance status, treatment, stage-specific 5-year OS rate in each clinical stage I–IV and causes of death. We used propensity score matching to reduce the bias.
Results
The AC and SqCC groups are significantly different in age, gender, smoking status, CCI score, clinical TNM stage, pathological stage, tumor location, histologic grade, pleura invasion, performance status, treatment, stage-specific 5-year OS rate in each clinical stage and causes of death (
p
< 0.0001). The stage-specific 5-year OS rates between AC and SqCC were 79% vs. 47% in stage I; 50% vs. 32% in stage II; 27% vs. 13% in stage III; 6% vs. 2% in stage IV, respectively (all
p
values < 0.0001).
Conclusions
AC and SqCC have significantly different outcomes in lung cancer. We suggest that these two different cancers should be analyzed separately to provide more precise outcomes in the future.
In this paper, the paper cups were used as the research objects, and the machine vision detection technology was combined with different image processing techniques to investigate a non-contact ...optical automatic detection system to identify the defects of the manufactured paper cups. The combined ring light was used as the light source, an infrared (IR) LED matrix panel was used to provide the IR light to constantly highlight the outer edges of the detected objects, and a multi-grid pixel array was used as the image sensor. The image processing techniques, including the Gaussian filter, Sobel operator, Binarization process, and connected component, were used to enhance the inspection and recognition of the defects existing in the produced paper cups. There were three different detection processes for paper cups, which were divided into internal, external, and bottom image acquisition processes. The present study demonstrated that all the detection processes could clearly detect the surface defect features of the manufactured paper cups, such as dirt, burrs, holes, and uneven thickness. Our study also revealed that the average time for the investigated Automatic Optical Detection to detect the defects on the paper cups was only 0.3 s.
In this study, we utilized a sapphire substrate with a matrix protrusion structure as a template. We employed a ZnO gel as a precursor and deposited it onto the substrate using the spin coating ...method. After undergoing six cycles of deposition and baking, a ZnO seed layer with a thickness of 170 nm was formed. Subsequently, we used a hydrothermal method to grow ZnO nanorods (NRs) on the aforementioned ZnO seed layer for different durations. ZnO NRs exhibited a uniform outward growth rate in various directions, resulting in a hexagonal and floral morphology when observed from above. This morphology was particularly evident in ZnO NRs synthesized for 30 and 45 min. Due to the protrusion structure of ZnO seed layer, the resulting ZnO nanorods (NRs) displayed a floral and matrix morphology on the protrusion ZnO seed layer. To further enhance their properties, we utilized Al nanomaterial to decorate the ZnO nanoflower matrix (NFM) using a deposition method. Subsequently, we fabricated devices using both undecorated and Al-decorated ZnO NFMs and deposited an upper electrode using an interdigital mask. We then compared the gas-sensing performance of these two types of sensors towards CO and H
gases. The research findings indicate that sensors based on Al-decorated ZnO NFM exhibit superior gas-sensing properties compared to undecorated ZnO NFM for both CO and H
gases. These Al-decorated sensors demonstrate faster response times and higher response rates during the sensing processes.
Low temperature is an important abiotic stress in plant growth and development, especially for thermophilic plants. Eggplants are thermophilic vegetables, although the molecular mechanism of their ...response to cold stress remains to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs that play an essential role during plant development and stress responses. Although the role of many plant miRNAs in facilitating chilling tolerance has been verified, little is known about the mechanisms of eggplant chilling tolerance.
Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to extract the miRNA and target genes expression profiles of Solanum aculeatissimum (S. aculeatissimum) under low temperature stress at different time periods(0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h). Differentially regulated miRNAs and their target genes were analyzed by comparing the small RNA (sRNA) and miRBase 20.0 databases using BLAST or BOWTIE, respectively. Fifty-six down-regulated miRNAs and 28 up-regulated miRNAs corresponding to 220 up-regulated mRNAs and 94 down-regulated mRNAs, respectively, were identified in S. aculeatissimum. Nine significant differentially expressed miRNAs and twelve mRNAs were identified by quantitative Real-time PCR and association analysis, and analyzed for their GO function enrichment and KEGG pathway association.
In summary, numerous conserved and novel miRNAs involved in the chilling response were identified using high-throughput sequencing, which provides a theoretical basis for the further study of low temperature stress-related miRNAs and the regulation of cold-tolerance mechanisms of eggplant at the miRNA level.
Neural stem cells show age-dependent developmental potentials, as evidenced by their production of distinct neuron types at different developmental times. Drosophila neuroblasts produce long, ...stereotyped lineages of neurons. We searched for factors that could regulate neural temporal fate by RNA-sequencing lineage-specific neuroblasts at various developmental times. We found that two RNA-binding proteins, IGF-II mRNA-binding protein (Imp) and Syncrip (Syp), display opposing high-to-low and low-to-high temporal gradients with lineage-specific temporal dynamics. Imp and Syp promote early and late fates, respectively, in both a slowly progressing and a rapidly changing lineage. Imp and Syp control neuronal fates in the mushroom body lineages by regulating the temporal transcription factor Chinmo translation. Together, the opposing Imp/Syp gradients encode stem cell age, specifying multiple cell fates within a lineage.
Type Ib diamonds emit bright fluorescence at 550-800 nm from nitrogen-vacancy point defects, (N-V)⁰ and (N-V)⁻, produced by high-energy ion beam irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing. The ...emission, together with noncytotoxicity and easiness of surface functionalization, makes nano-sized diamonds a promising fluorescent probe for single-particle tracking in heterogeneous environments. We present the result of our characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers. We found that, under the same excitation conditions, the fluorescence of a single 35-nm diamond is significantly brighter than that of a single dye molecule such as Alexa Fluor 546. The latter photobleached in the range of 10 s at a laser power density of 10⁴ W/cm², whereas the nanodiamond particle showed no sign of photobleaching even after 5 min of continuous excitation. Furthermore, no fluorescence blinking was detected within a time resolution of 1 ms. The photophysical properties of the particles do not deteriorate even after surface functionalization with carboxyl groups, which form covalent bonding with polyL-lysines that interact with DNA molecules through electrostatic forces. The feasibility of using surface-functionalized fluorescent nanodiamonds as single-particle biomarkers is demonstrated with both fixed and live HeLa cells.
In this study, a fractal absorber was designed to enhance light absorptivity and improve the efficiency of converting solar energy into electricity for a range of solar energy technologies. The ...absorber consisted of multiple layers arranged from bottom to top, and the bottom layer was made of Ti metal, followed by a thin layer of MgF2 atop it. Above the two layers, a structure comprising square pillars formed by three layers of Ti/MgF2/Ti was formed. This pillar was encompassed by a square hollow with cylindrical structures made of Ti material on the exterior. The software utilized for this study was COMSOL Multiphysics® (version 6.0). This study contains an absorption spectrum analysis of the various components of the designed absorber system, confirming the notion that achieving ultra-wideband and perfect absorption resulted from the combination of the various components. A comprehensive analysis was also conducted on the width of the central square pillar, and the analysis results demonstrate the presence of several remarkable optical phenomena within the investigated structure, including propagating surface plasmon resonance, localized surface plasmon resonance, Fabry–Perot cavity resonance, and symmetric coupling plasma modes. The optimal model determined through this software demonstrated that broadband absorption in the range of 276 to 2668 nm, which was in the range of UV-B to near-infrared, exceeded 90.0%. The average absorption rate in the range of 276~2668 nm reached 0.965, with the highest achieving a perfect absorptivity of 99.9%. A comparison between absorption with and without outer cylindrical structures revealed that the resonance effects significantly enhanced absorption efficiency, as evidenced by a comparison of electric field distributions.
Visible‐light‐driven conversion of CO2 to CO and high‐value‐added carbon products is a promising strategy for mitigating CO2 emissions and reserving solar energy in chemical form. We report an ...efficient system for CO2 transformation to CO catalyzed by bare CoP, hybrid CoP/carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and CoP/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in mixed aqueous solutions containing a Ru‐based photosensitizer, under visible‐light irradiation. The in situ prepared hybrid catalysts CoP/CNT and CoP/rGO show excellent catalytic activities in CO2 reduction to CO, with a catalytic rates of up to 39 510 and 47 330 μmol h−1 g−1 in the first 2 h of reaction, respectively; a high CO selectivity of 73.1 % for the former was achieved in parallel competing reactions in the photoreduction of CO2 and H2O. A combination of experimental and computational studies clearly shows that strong interactions between CoP and carbon‐supported materials and partially adsorbed H2O molecules on the catalyst surface significantly improve CO‐generating rates.
In a flash: New systems for visible‐light‐driven reduction of CO2 to CO catalyzed by hybrid CoP/CNT or CoP/rGO with a Ru‐based photosensitizer in a mixed aqueous medium were constructed. A catalytic rate of 47 330 μmol h−1 g−1 and 73.4 % CO selectivity were achieved. Strong interactions between CoP and carbonaceous materials and partially adsorbed H2O molecules on the catalyst surface greatly improved the rates of CO generation.
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