General convolution acceleration, such as Winograd and FFT, is a promising direction to address the computational complexity of current CNNs. However, the flexibility of these CNNs makes this kind of ...scheme always introduce massive redundant computations, damaging the acceleration effect. In this paper, a two-stage splitting method for arbitrarily sized tensors and filters and a unified hardware architecture using layeradaptive allocated Winograd units are proposed, achieving effective redundance elimination and unified architecture. First, a tensor adaptive pre-splitting method is proposed to divide the original tensors to match the rule of Winograd. Furthermore, a Winograd-based extended splitting scheme is designed to reduce the redundant calculations; therefore, a substantial reduction in multiplication operations in convolutional layers achieved 30.6% 75% savings. Finally, a unified hardware architecture with a layer-adaptive allocation method is proposed to evaluate and select the optimal Winograd F(m,r) units and input/output parallelisms. This architecture is evaluated based on the Xilinx XCVU9P platform and achieves 1.97/1.23/1.60/1.25 GOPS/DSP for AlexNet, VGG16, modified VGG16 and ResNet18, respectively. It achieves up to 5.81× improvements in DSP efficiency compared with previous FPGA-based designs.
•Propose a data-driven method to develop Copula-Bayesian Networks.•Consider the features belonging to multiple categories comprehensively.•Make a better trade-off between prediction and causality in ...risk investigation.•Demonstrate the superiority of Copula-Bayesian Network.•Conduct comparative investigations on risky lane-changing and car-following maneuvers.
The era of ‘Big Data’ provides opportunities for researchers to have deep insights into traffic safety. By taking advantages of ‘Big Data’, this study proposes a data-driven method to develop a Copula-Bayesian Network (Copula-BN) using a large-scale naturalistic driving dataset with multiple features. The Copula-BN is able to explain the causality of a risky driving maneuver. As compared with conventional BNs, the Copula-BN developed in this study has the following advantages: the Copula-BN 1. Has a more rational and explainable structure; 2. Is less likely to be over-fitting and can attain more satisfactory prediction performance; and 3. Can handle not only discrete but also continuous features. In terms of technical innovations, Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) is used for feature selection, while Gaussian Copula function is employed to build the dependency structure of the Copula-BN. As for applications, the Copula-BNs are used to investigate the causality of risky lane-changing (LC) and car-following (CF) maneuvers, upon which the comparisons are made between the two essential but risky driving maneuvers. In this study, the Copula-BNs are developed based on the Second Highway Research Program (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) database. Upon network evaluation, the Copula-BNs for both risky LC and CF maneuvers demonstrate satisfactory structure performance and promising prediction performance. Feature inferences are conducted based on the Copula-BNs to respectively illustrate the causation of the two risky maneuvers. Several interesting findings related to features’ contribution are discussed in this paper. To a certain extent, the Copula-BN developed using the data-driven method makes a trade-off between prediction and causality within the ‘Big Data’. The comparison between risky LC and CF maneuvers also provides a valuable reference for crash risk evaluation, road safety policy-making, etc. In the future, the achievements of this study could be applied in Advanced Driver-Assistance System (ADAS) and accident diagnosis system to enhance road traffic safety.
Spherical and hierarchical flower-like Ag/TiO2 composites were synthesized by a facile Ag/carbon spheres-induced route and they show superior antimicrobial activities with a bacteriostatic rate as ...high as 99%.
Display omitted
A spherical titanium dioxide/silver (TiO2/Ag) composite and a flower-like hierarchical TiO2/Ag composite were prepared via a template-induced method and a solvothermal method based on the Ag/Carbon spheres templates followed by calcination treatment, respectively. The morphologies of the composites were controlled by changing the concentration of reactants and calcination temperature. The antibacterial efficiency of the composites was evaluated with both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration, morphological evolution of bacteria and fluorescent-based cell wall/membrane integrity were assayed. The synergistic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and silver ions were observed, which lead to superior antibacterial activities of these TiO2/Ag composites with a bacteriostatic rate as high as 99% even in the absence of light. The morphological effect of the composites on the antibacterial efficacy was also investigated. In addition, a durable antimicrobial coating was also fabricated by incorporating the hierarchical TiO2/Ag composite into a commercial emulsion solution of polyvinyl acetate, which exhibited a promising application in bacterial sensitive locations.
Neurogenesis in the adult brain comprises the entire set of events of neuronal development. It begins with the division of precursor cells to form a mature, integrated, and functioning neuronal ...network. Adult neurogenesis is believed to play an important role in animals’ cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. In the present study, significant neuronal differentiation-promoting activity of 80% (v/v) ethanol extract of P. cocos (EEPC) was found in Neuro-2a cells and mouse cortical neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Subsequently, a total of 97 compounds in EEPC were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS. Among them, four major compounds—Adenosine; Choline; Ethyl palmitoleate; and L-(-)-arabinitol—were further studied for their neuronal differentiation-promoting activity. Of which, choline has the most significant neuronal differentiation-promoting activity, indicating that choline, as the main bioactive compound in P. cocos, may have a positive effect on learning and memory functions. Compared with similar research literature, this is the first time that the neuronal differentiation-promoting effects of P. cocos extract have been studied.
Display omitted
•A side-by-side electrospinning exploiting a round charged surface.•Janus fibers containing hydrophilic and insoluble polymers for biphasic drug release.•Crescent surface for better ...fast release and round surface for better sustained release.•Combination of structure- and shape-performance based on Janus nanostructure.
In nature, the combination of composition, structure, and shape determines the matter's functional performance to a large extent. Inspired by which, two electrospun Janus nanofiber formulations were created using side-by-side electrospinning in this work. Tamoxifen citrate (TAM) was used as a model drug and ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K60 (PVP) as the polymer carrier matrices. The fibers have linear cylindrical morphologies and distinct Janus structures by scanning electron microscopy. One side of the fibers took a round shape, while the other was crescent-shaped. The drug was present in both polymer matrices in the form of amorphous solid dispersions, owing to strong intermolecular interactions between drug and polymer. In vitro dissolution tests demonstrated that both sets of fibers could provide biphasic drug release due to the difference in solubility of PVP and EC. The different shape of TAM-EC and TAM-PVP side of the Janus structure resulted in a considerable variation in the drug release profiles. The Janus structure with crescent TAM-PVP side and round TAM-EC side gave a more rapid burst release in the first phase of release, and slower sustained release in the second phase. This work thus reports a new strategy for systematically developing advanced functional nanomaterials based on both shape- and structure-performance relationships.
General convolution acceleration, such as Winograd and FFT, is a promising direction to address the computational complexity of current convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, the flexibility ...of these CNNs makes this kind of scheme always introduce massive redundant computations, damaging the acceleration effect. In this article, a two-stage splitting method for arbitrarily sized tensors and filters and a unified hardware architecture using layer-adaptive allocated Winograd units are proposed, achieving effective redundance elimination and unified architecture. First, a tensor adaptive presplitting method is proposed to divide the original tensors to match the rule of Winograd. Furthermore, a Winograd-based extended splitting scheme is designed to reduce the redundant calculations; therefore, a substantial reduction in multiplication operations in convolutional layers achieved 30.6%–75% savings. Finally, a unified hardware architecture with a layer-adaptive allocation method is proposed to evaluate and select the optimal Winograd F(Formula Omitted, Formula Omitted) units and input/output parallelisms. This architecture is evaluated based on the Xilinx XCVU9P platform and achieves 1.97/1.23/1.60/1.25 GOPS/DSP for AlexNet, VGG16, modified VGG16, and ResNet18, respectively. It achieves up to Formula Omitted improvements in DSP efficiency compared with previous FPGA-based designs.
A stable 3D TbIII‐based metal–organic framework Tb(BPDC)2⋅(CH3)2NH2 (DUT‐101) was synthesized, and it is the first efficient dual‐channel luminescence sensor for aqueous UO22+ ions. DUT‐101 contains ...an anionic three‐dimensional framework and protonated dimethylamine molecules embedded within the channels. The intense green emission of DUT‐101 could be highly selectively and sensitively quenched by UO22+ ions even in the presence of other competing metal ions. A possible sensing mechanism was proposed based on both suppression of luminescence resonance energy transfer and enhancement of intermolecular electron transfer. Furthermore, visual green fluorescent test papers based on DUT‐101 were fabricated and could be used to discriminate UO22+ ions among various metal ions.
Watching out for uranium: A water‐stable 3D TbIII‐based metal–organic framework is synthesized, and it is the first efficient dual‐channel response luminescence sensor for aqueous UO22+ ions. The intense green emission of DUT‐101 can be highly selectively and sensitively quenched by UO22+ ions even in the presence of other competing metal ions.
Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT)-based thin films are highly desired for energy storage owing to their high intrinsic polarization and Curie temperature under the current trend of electronic device integration ...and portability. However, the low energy density originating from the inferior anti-breakdown ability (EBD), as well as the limited space for improvement of the gap between maximum polarization and remanent polarization (Pm–Pr) is the main challenge for practical applications. Here, we propose a strategy to modulate polarization behavior of NBT-based heterostructure thin films. Na0.5Bi0.5(Ti0.97Fe0.03)O3 (NBFT) is taken as the basic component. Na0.5Bi0.5(Ti0.98Zr0.02)O3 (NBZT) and (Ba1-xSrx)TiO3 (BSxT, where x is set with gradient characteristics of 0, 0.1 and 0.2, respectively from near to far substrate ends) are chosen to fabricate NBFT/BSxT and (NBFT/NBZT)5/NBFT heterostructure thin films. Artificial aging process is carried out for modulating polarization behavior of both the heterostructure thin films. Time-dependent strain and defect migration are observed and analyzed, reflecting the structural relaxation characteristics of the thin films. After aging with treating, the recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) of NBFT/BSxT and (NBFT/NBZT)5/NBFT are increased from 46.78 to 66.95 J/cm3 and 66.57–67.64 J/cm3, respectively, with energy storage efficiency (η) increasing from 68.46% to 75.65% and 64.33%–70.76%, respectively at 20 kHz and room temperature. This research provides a new route to take usages of aging process for designing NBT-based thin film for dielectric energy storage.
Objectives
Patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) experience stigma due to their dependence on machines and changes in appearance, which contributes to negative psychological outcomes. This ...study investigated the effect of perceived stigma on depressive symptoms and demoralization in MHD patients and explored the mediating roles of self-warmth and self-coldness.
Methods
This study included 301 MHD patients in a cross-sectional design. The participants completed self-reported measures of perceived stigma, self-warmth, self-coldness, depressive symptoms, and demoralization. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships among the main variables.
Results
The results suggested that perceived stigma was directly and positively correlated with depressive symptoms and demoralization. Both relationships were mediated by self-warmth and self-coldness. Additionally, the mediating effect of self-coldness was significantly greater than self-warmth in both the depressive symptoms and demoralization models.
Conclusions
Perceived stigma was a risk factor for depressive symptoms and demoralization in MHD patients. Self-coldness played a more important mediating role than self-warmth in the relationship between perceived stigma and two negative psychological outcomes.
PDF
