Movie fMRI has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating human brain function, and functional connectivity (FC) plays a predominant role in fMRI-based studies. Accordingly, movie-watching FC may ...have great potential for future studies on human brain function. Before wide application of movie-watching FC, however, it is essential to evaluate how much it is influenced by differences in movies. The main aim of this study was to investigate the consistency of movie-watching FC across different movies. For this purpose, we performed three sets of analyses on the four movie fMRI runs (with different movie stimuli) included in the HCP dataset. The first set was performed to evaluate the agreement of movie-watching FC in exact values using intra-class correlation (ICC), and the ICC of movie-watching FC across different movies (0.37 on average) was found to be comparable to that of resting-state FC across repeated scans. The second set was performed to evaluate the agreement of movie-watching FC in connectivity patterns, and the results indicate that individuals could be identified with relatively high accuracies (94%-99%) across different movies based on their FC matrices. The final set was performed to test the generalizability of predictive models based on movie-watching FC, as this generalizability is highly dependent on the consistency of the FC. The results indicate that predictive models trained based on FC extracted from one movie fMRI run can make good predictions on FC extracted from runs with different movie stimuli. Taken together, our findings indicate that movie-watching FC is highly consistent across different movies, and conclusions drawn based on movie-watching FC are generalizable.
This study analyzes the relationship of alexithymia, childhood trauma, and body investment to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in adolescents with depressive disorder and whether they have ...predictive and diagnostic value for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in adolescents with depressive disorder.
A total of 225 patients with a diagnosis of adolescent depressive disorder were included in the study and were divided into two groups according to the DSM-5 criteria: 98 cases without NSSI and 127 cases with NSSI. Compare the demographic data, 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and Body Investment Scale (BIS) scores between two groups. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors contributing to NSSI behaviors in adolescents with depression, and establish four predictive models. Based on the models' predictive probability, the ROC curves were plotted to calculate the value of the predictive diagnostic effect.
The group without NSSI had lower scores than the group with NSSI on HAMD-24 total score, TAS-20 total score, difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally focused thinking, as well as lower scores on CTQ-SF total score, physical neglect, emotional neglect, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. In contrast, the BIS total score, body image feelings and attitudes, body care, and body protection factor scores were higher for the group without NSSI. The BIS body care factor score and the CTQ-SF emotional abuse factor score were significantly linked with adolescents diagnosed with depressive disorder who exhibited NSSI behaviors. These results provide a good diagnostic model for adolescents with depressive disorder.
Low levels of body care and childhood emotional abuse may independently contribute to the implementation of NSSI in adolescents with depressive disorder. Body investment and childhood trauma are valuable in diagnosing and predicting NSSI behaviors and should be considered as potentially important factors in clinical treatment.
Different from the traditional method of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), the sensorless maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control scheme in this paper does not need two ...observers for rotor position and d-q axis inductances, respectively. It only needs an adaptive sliding mode observer (ASMO) based on the extended flux (EF) to realize double-loop control and MTPA operation simultaneously. The adaptive mechanism of rotor speed is designed to ensure stability of the ASMO. The rotor position and the difference between d-axis and q-axis inductances are obtained from the estimated EF to acquire the MTPA points when the position sensor of the IPMSM is absent. The proposed scheme is realized on a 20kW IPMSM where the sensorless control performance and the MTPA control performance are tested. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the experiment results.
The factors related to psychological sub-health (PSH) have been widely described, but the research on the mechanism behind the complex relationship between childhood trauma and PSH is limited. This ...study investigated the current situation and risk factors of PSH among Chinese adolescents. And further, explore whether Internet addiction (IA) plays a potential mediating effect in childhood trauma and PSH.
The study was conducted in October 2020 in Anhui Province, China. The PSH state of 866 adolescents was investigated, including demographic information such as gender, age, and grade. Childhood trauma, IA, and PSH were measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF), Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents (MSQA). The mediating effect is further verified by the structural equation model (SEM).
In this study, 866 adolescents were selected as subjects, and the proportion of male and female is roughly equal. The prevalence of PSH in adolescents was 25.8%, and left-behind children, boarding, or adolescents who have had non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are more likely to have PSH. Through the mediation test, the direct effect of childhood trauma on PSH was 0.23 (95% CI 4.91,9.00,p <0.001), and the mediating effect of IA on childhood trauma and PSH was 0.07 (95% CI 1.42, 3.32,p <0.001). and the proportion of them is 75.14% and 24.86% respectively.
Childhood trauma has direct and indirect effects on PSH, and IA plays a mediating effect in the indirect effect. Therefore, clarifying these relationships helps formulate and implement effective interventions to improve psychological health (PH) in Chinese adolescents.
Background
Adolescents are at high risk of Internet addiction (IA). Previous studies have shown that the occurrence of IA may be associated with childhood trauma and social support to varying ...degrees. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of IA in adolescents. Further, to explore the potential mediating role of social support in childhood trauma and IA. This study provides theoretical support for future interventions targeting IA in adolescents.
Methods
This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were used to conduct an anonymous questionnaire survey among randomly selected adolescents aged less than 18 years old in two cities in southern Anhui Province. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to test the correlation between IA and other variables. A binary logistic regression model was used to explore the influencing factors of IA. Multiple regression models were examined with process macro and bootstrapping to confirm significant mediating effects.
Results
A total of 844 adolescents, equally divided between males and females, participated in this study, and the prevalence of IA in the region was 23.0%. Through the mediation test, the direct effect of childhood trauma on IA was 0.20 (95% CI 0.12, 0.27,
p
< 0.001), and the mediating effect of social support on childhood trauma and IA was 0.09 (95% CI 0.06, 0.14).
Conclusion
The study showed that childhood trauma significantly affected the incidence of IA in adolescents. Social support had a significant mediating effect on childhood trauma and IA and attenuated its negative effects.
Fine root anatomy plays an important role in understanding the relationship between fine root function and soil environment. However, in different soil environments, the variation of fine root ...anatomical structure in different root sequences is not well studied. We measured the soil conditions and anatomical structure characteristics (root diameter, cortical tissue, vascular tissue and xylem) of fine roots of
Cupressus funebris
in four experimental sites, and analyzed each level of fine roots separately. We link these data to understand the relationship between fine root anatomy and soil conditions. We found that the anatomical structure of fine roots is closely related to soil environmental factors. The fine roots of lower root order are mainly affected by soil nutrients. Among them, the cortical tissue of first-order fine roots was positively correlated with potassium and phosphorus, but negatively correlated with nitrogen, while second- and third-order fine roots was positively correlated with soil total potassium and negatively correlated with nitrogen and phosphorus. For the fine roots of high root order, the cortical tissue disappeared, and the secondary vascular tissue was mainly affected by soil moisture. In addition, we also found that the division of fine root functional groups is not fixed. On the one hand, the function of third-order fine roots will slip. For example, the decrease of soil moisture will promote the transformation of third-order fine roots into transport roots, and the reduction of nitrogen will promote the transformation of third-order fine roots into absorption roots to fix nitrogen. This transformation strategy can effectively prevent the restriction of soil nutrients on plant growth. On the other hand, with the change of habitat, the first- and second-order fine roots are still the absorbing root, and the fourth- and fifth-order fine roots are still the transport root, but the efficiency of absorption and transport will be affected. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the fine roots in different soil environment to show high levels of plasticity, shows that fine root anatomical structure changes may make plants, and reveals that the fine is just order of reaction and its mechanism in the soil environment.
The factors associated with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) of adolescents have been widely researched. However, the underlying mechanism of the relationship between childhood trauma and NSSI is ...limited. This study aimed to explore the risk factors for NSSI among Chinese adolescents. Our hypothesis was that psychological sub-health (PSH) played a mediating role between childhood trauma and NSSI. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescent, and the self-report NSSI were used to measure childhood trauma, PSH, and NSSI. Structural equation model (SEM) was performed to verify our hypothesis. The results showed that 33.9% of the participants in our survey had engaged in NSSI in the past year. Adolescents who were left-behind children or in primary schools were more likely to engage in NSSI. Additionally, 56.2% of the participants had moderate to severe childhood trauma, and 26.1% of the participants had PSH. Furthermore, childhood trauma and PSH would increase the risk of NSSI by 2 times (B = 0.79,
< 0.01) and 5 times (B = 1.64,
< 0.01), respectively. SEM was established (
= 0.512) and the goodness-of-fit indices were examined (CMIN/DF = 0.892; GFI = 0.997; AGFI = 0.992; NFI = 0.991; RFI = 0.980; IFI = 1.00; TLI = 1.00; CFI = 1.00; RMSEA < 0.001). The SEM indicated that childhood trauma positively predicted NSSI both directly and indirectly through PSH. PSH has been confirmed to have partial mediating effects between childhood trauma and NSSI. The assessment of PSH may be an operable and effective method to screen and predict NSSI. Meanwhile, the intervention of childhood trauma and PSH may effectively prevent and reduce the occurrence of NSSI among adolescents.
Understanding fine root morphology is crucial to uncover water and nutrient acquisition and transposition of fine roots. However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding how the soil environment ...affects the fine root morphology of various root orders in the stable forest ecosystem. Therefore, this experiment assessed the response strategies of fine root morphology (first- to fifth -order fine roots) in four different soil environments. The results showed that fine root morphology was related to soil environment, and there were significant differences in specific root length (SRL), specific surface area (SRA), diameter (D), and root tissue density (RTD) of first- and second -order fine roots. Soil total nitrogen (TN), alkaline nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) were positively correlated with SRL and SRA and negatively correlated with D and RTD. Soil moisture (SW) was positively correlated with the D and RTD of first- and second-order fine roots and negatively correlated with the SRL and SRA. Soil temperature (ST), organic carbon (OC), soil bulk density (SBD) and soil porosity (SP) were not significantly correlated with the D, SRL, SRA, and RTD of the first- and second -order fine roots. AN was positively correlated with SRL and SRA and negatively correlated with both D and RTD in the first- and second -order fine roots, and the correlation coefficient was very significant. Therefore, we finally concluded that soil AN was the most critical factor affecting root D, SRL, SRA and RTD of fine roots, and mainly affected the morphology of first- and second -order fine roots. In conclusion, our research provides support for understanding the relationship between fine root morphology and soil environment, and indicates that soil nutrient gradient forms good root morphology at intraspecific scale.
The natural regeneration of seedlings is a key factor for forest succession. Nevertheless, studies explaining the mechanism of growth and biomass allocation in regenerated seedlings after disturbance ...are lacking. Therefore, we measured the growth, biomass accumulation, and biomass allocation in current-age seedlings of
Pinus massoniana
after selective logging (logging of competitive trees,
LCT
; logging of inferior trees,
LIT
; and unlogged control,
CK
), and established structural equation models (SEMs) among the spatial structure characteristic indexes of the stand, environmental factors, and biomass allocation in different organs. As compared to the
CK
, the mingling index (
M
), uniform angle index (
W
), opening degree (
O
), soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (SAN), available phosphorus (SAP), available potassium (SAK), and bulk density (SBD) significantly increased (
p
< 0.05), while the competition index (
CI
) and neighborhood comparison (
U
) significantly decreased after logging (
p
< 0.05). After the
LCT
, seedling branch biomass improved, with an increase in the ground-diameter, crown-root ratio, and seedling quality index. More biomass was allocated to foliage and roots by an increase in the height and height-diameter ratio under the
LIT
. In the
CK
, increasing stem biomass helped the seedlings absorb and utilize more light. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed that biomass allocation to organs was independent, and seedlings adopted the strategies of heterogeneous adaptation and growth, thereby resulting in the separation of the allocation patterns among the organs. As per the redundancy analysis (RDA),
CI
was the main factor in biomass allocation. Environmental factors had direct effects on biomass allocation to organs, while the stand spatial structure characteristic indexes had indirect effects on biomass allocation based on SEMs. In summary, the
LCT
had significant, albeit indirect, effects on SOC, SAN, and SBD by reducing the
CI
for the regeneration and growth of seedlings in the stand, which was of great significance to the sustainable development of the forest stand of
P. massoniana
.
Ionic liquids have developed and been applied in lubricant field since 2001. Nevertheless, it is little known about novel dicationic ionic liquids for tribology applications in the past several ...years. In this paper, a sequence of novel dicationic ionic liquids based on 1,4-diazabicyclo2.2.2octane cations (DABCO) and different anions have been designed and identified. The structures of ILs were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, multinuclear (
1
H,
13
C,
11
B,
31
P and
19
F) magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The effects of anion type on thermal properties, wettability, kinematic viscosity and tribological properties were studied. It is found that all of these dicationic ionic liquids as additives exhibit excellent anti-wear and friction-reducing properties in PEG synthetic base oil under boundary lubrication conditions for steel-to-steel contact, which offers great potential for the highly efficient lubricant additives. Simultaneously, novel 1,4-diazabicyclo2.2.2octane cation offers an exceptional chance for the research and development of dicationic ionic liquids in various applications.
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