The objective of this study was to evaluate the discoloration of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) specimens treated with different chemicals and surface coated with ...different UV absorbers before being subjected to artificial weathering. The results showed that the influence of coatings containing UV absorbers (UV screeners micronized TiO2 and UVA of hydroxyphenyl-s-triazine types) were similar to each other. The UV screener TiO2 led to the least discoloration of the coated wood surface, closely followed by the UVA of hydroxyphenyl-s-triazines (HPT). The color stability was determined to be better for pine wood treated with micronized copper preservative coated with UV absorber, in comparison to when it was only coated with UV absorbers and then subjected to weathering. Microscopic observation revealed that the clear-coats penetration behavior was different in wood preservative-treated and in untreated wood of Scots pine, which has various extractives. However, the color stability and coating penetration was nearly the same in beech wood treated with preservatives and in untreated beech wood. We provide an explanation for why these effects occurred and discuss the implications of our findings for the development of weather-resistant wood materials.
Activation of complement may cause severe tissue damage in antibody-mediated allograft rejection and other antibody-mediated clinical conditions; therefore, novel potent complement inhibitors are ...needed. Previously, we described binding of the inhibitory receptor LAIR-1 and its soluble family member LAIR-2 to collagen. Here, we investigated binding of LAIR-1 and LAIR-2 to the complement proteins C1q and MBL, which both have collagen-like domains, and evaluated the effect of this binding on complement function. We demonstrate specific binding of recombinant LAIR proteins to both C1q and MBL. Surface plasmon resonance experiments showed that LAIR-2-Fc protein bound C1q and MBL with the highest affinity compared to LAIR-2-HIS. We, therefore, hypothesized that LAIR-2-Fc is a potent complement inhibitor. Indeed, LAIR-2-Fc inhibited C4 fixation to IgG or mannan, reduced activation of C4 by aggregated IgG in plasma and inhibited iC3b deposition on cells. Finally, LAIR-2-Fc inhibited complement-mediated lysis of cells sensitized with anti-HLA antibodies in an ex vivo model for antibody-mediated transplant rejection. Thus, LAIR-2-Fc is an effective novel complement inhibitor for the treatment and prevention of antibody-mediated allograft rejection and antibody-mediated clinical conditions.
Samples from alder (
Alnus glutinosa L.)
Gaertn. subsp.
barbata (C.A. Mey) Yalt.) and southern pine (
Pinus sylvestris L.) wood were impregnated with boric acid, borax and their mixed solutions ...according to ASTM D 1413-88 in order to determine their combustion properties.
In this study, the fire resistance properties of wood treated with boron compounds were investigated. In addition, the models for each wood species and fire retardant solution were also determined. The results demonstrated that the lowest mass losses for both alder and southern pine specimens treated with a mixture of 5% boric acid and borax aqueous solutions were found to be 68.72% and 72.37%, respectively. It was found that 5% of borax was the most effective treatment in terms of lengthening the time of glowing.
In this study it was aimed to improve impregnability of spruce (Picea orientalis L.) wood with bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis A1) pretreatment, using copper/chromium/arsenic Type C (CCA-C) ...andcopper azole Type A (CBA-A). The effects of Bacillus licheniformis A1 on weight loss, copper uptake, and compression strength of samples were determined. Weight loss was slightly changed by bacterial degradation in all test groups. The best copper uptake cases were 1466 ppm for CCA-C and 2730 ppm for CBA-A. Improvement on copper uptake with bacteria pretreatment was in a range of 18 to 103% compared to control samples. Compression strength was decreased by bacterial degradation. However strength losses might be acceptable for several construction applications. Bacillus licheniformis A1seems to havea good potential for increasing the permeability of spruce wood.
In this study, the possibility of using of chestnut (Castanea sativa) sawdust in Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostretatus and Pleurotus citrinopileatus) cultivation was investigated. Additionally; ...Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation on the substrates which was mixed of chestnut with black poplar (Populus nigra) and oriental spruce (Picea orientalis) was performed. Bioactive properties of these mushroom and their growth mediums were also examined. After a successful harvest, total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin contents and antioxidant properties of mushrooms' methanolic extracts were determined. Same analyses were also performed for mushrooms substrates. The highest yield and biological efficiency was observed in P. ostreatus cultivated on 100% Castanea sativa substrate. The highest total phenolic content (2.529±0.010 mg GAE/g) was found in P. citrinopileatus cultivated on C. sativa sawdust and its substrate medium. Total flavonoid could not determine any mushroom. The highest total condensed tannin (3.691±0.011 CE mg/g) content was observed in P. ostreatus cultivated on C. sativa sawdust and its substrate medium; the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (11.761±0.020 pmol FeSO4.7H2O/g) was seen in P. ostreatus mushroom cultivated on 50% P. orientalis + 50% C. sativa and 100% C. sativa substrate medium. The highest free radical scavenging activity of DPPH was in P. citrinopileatus and 100% C. sativa sawdust and 100% C. sativa substrate medium.
Samples of yellow pine sapwood (
Pinus sylvestris L.) were treated with solutions of CCA (0.85%, 1.5% and 2%), ACQ-1900 (2%, 3% and 7%), ACQ-2200 (1%, 2%), Tanalith E 3491 (2%, 2.8%), and Wolmanit ...CX-8 (2%, 2.8%) in order to determine the effects of new wood preservatives on modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rapture (MOR) which are the primary criteria for the selection and designing of wood constructions.
MOE and MOR were determined by 3-point bending according to DIN 52 186 (1978) in a universal testing equipment type MTS Alliance RT/30.
Results showed that 2.8% of Wolmanit CX-8 and 2% of Tanalith E-3491 increased the MOE compared to control, while the rest of the chemicals used in this study decreased or did not affect the MOE. It was determined that 2.8% of Wolmanit CX-8 and 7% of ACQ-1900 increased the MOR comparing to control, while the rest of the chemicals used in this study decreased or did not affect the MOR.
Mushrooms are delicious, nutritious and consumed foods
known as dietary and protein sources. Along with the rapid growth of the world
population, the increasing tendency of people to alternate ...medicine has
increased the consumption of mushrooms of which useful/medical features are
revealed by scientific studies. As in every consumption behavior, consumption
of mushrooms is also a result of preferences. The purpose of this study is to
determine mushroom consumption preferences using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy
process (AHP). First of all, it was created the analytic hierarchy process,
which has the choice of mushrooms and (if any) sub-criteria. The generated AHP
was converted into comparative matrices and replied to the experts. Received
answers are transformed into fuzzy numbers and the importance levels of
preferences are ranked according to their calculated weights.
Mantarlar,
lezzetli, diyetetik ve protein kaynağı olarak bilinen ve tüketilen besinlerdir.
Dünya nüfusunun hızla çoğalmasının yanında, insanların alternatif tıpa
eğilimlerinin de artmasıyla birlikte tıbbi/faydalı özelliklerinin bilimsel
çalışmalarla ortaya konan mantarların tüketim miktarları daha da artmıştır. Her
tüketim davranışında olduğu gibi mantar tüketimi de birtakım tercihler sonucu
oluşur. Bu çalışmanın amacı bulanık analitik hiyerarşi prosesi kullanarak
mantar tüketim tercihlerinin belirlenmesidir. Öncelikle mantar seçimi tercihlerinin
ve alt kriterlerinin olduğu analitik hiyerarşi prosesi oluşturmuştur.
Oluşturulan AHP karşılaştırmalı matrisler haline getirilmiş ve uzman kişilere
cevaplatılırmıştır. Alınan cevaplar bulanık sayılara dönüştürülerek tercihlerin
önem düzeyleri, hesaplanan ağırlıklarına göre sıralanmıştır.
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