Increasing environmental pressures on toxic chemical wood preservatives lead to the development of natural and environmentally friendly wood preservatives. In this study, using possibilities of ...lichen (Usnea filipendula) and leaves of mistletoe (Viscum album) as potential natural wood preservative were researched. Impregnation procedure was applied at four different concentration levels and with two different extraction methods (hot water and methanol). The concentration levels were arranged as 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% for hot water and as 3,75%; 6,25%; 12,5%; 18,75% for methanol. The treatment procedure has been applied according to the ASTM D-1413 (1988) standard test method. The fungal decay test has been done according to the EN 113 (1996) standard test method using a brown rot fungus, Coniophora puteana for both treated test and untreated control samples. The best results were obtained at the highest concentration level of the solutions. However, the weight losses in treated test specimen have not met the standard requirements. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that both natural extracts provide promising protection performance.
In this study, spruce sapwood was administered an alkaline enzyme treatment to improve the flow of wood liquid so that more preservative chemicals could be injected. Spruce wood is recognised as a ...refractory wood species. Pit membranes play an important role in liquid flow. In this study, an alkaline pectinase enzyme was applied to remove the pectin layer on the torus of the pits and margo. After enzymatic treatment, the pectin layers on the pit membrane were removed. When samples were investigated by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), it was evident that pit membranes were destroyed and the permeability increased. In addition, no noteworthy weight loss was observed.
Yield values, diameters and numbers of fruit bodies obtained from the cultivation of
Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms were determined and the effects of different substrate combinations on productivity ...were investigated. Wastes of some lignocellulosic materials such as leaves of hazelnut (LH), leaves of tilia (LT) and leaves of European aspen (LEA), wheat straw (WS), sawdust (S) waste paper (WP) were used for producing
P. ostreatus. The best main material and the best substrate combination for mushroom productivity were WS and WS+WP (50%+50%), respectively. Mixtures which involve WP generally produced higher yield values when compared to the other combinations. Mixtures which contained bran (25%) increased the risk of contamination. The lowest yield and the smallest fruit body diameters values were obtained from LT (100%) and LEA+S (50%+50%). The greatest number of fruit body was obtained in the combination WS+LH+WP (30%+50%+20%). The largest diameter of fruit body was obtained from OT (100%), even though few fruit bodies were observed.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of natural weathering in ground contact on biological resistance, modulus of rupture, and color stability of heat-treated alder wood. ...Chemical composition of weathered wood was also studied by FTIR-ATR spectra. Wood stakes were heated at 150, 180, and 200°C for periods of 2, 6, and 10 hours, and the stakes were subsequently exposed to natural weathering and decay in a field area located in the north of Turkey for 3 years. The decay index of heat-treated stakes was lower than that of the controls. The weight loss prevention ratio had an increasing tendency with increasing treatment temperature and length of time. Depending on the treatment parameters, heat treatment reduced the modulus of rupture by up to 50%; however decay caused by soil micro-organisms gave rise to a greater loss of modulus of rupture than heat. Weathering processes caused remarkable color changes in the samples. FTIR-ATR spectra showed significant deformations and degradations in wood components, especially in the hemicelluloses of heat-treated samples. Degradation of hemicelluloses increased with an increase in heat temperature and exposure time.
Activation of the classical and lectin pathway of complement may contribute to tissue damage and organ dysfunction of antibody-mediated diseases and ischemia-reperfusion conditions. Complement ...factors are being considered as targets for therapeutic intervention.
We sought to characterize ARGX-117, a humanized inhibitory monoclonal antibody against complement C2.
The mode-of-action and binding characteristics of ARGX-117 were investigated in detail. Furthermore, its efficacy was analyzed in in vitro complement cytotoxicity assays. Finally, a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study was conducted in cynomolgus monkeys.
Through binding to the Sushi-2 domain of C2, ARGX-117 prevents the formation of the C3 proconvertase and inhibits classical and lectin pathway activation upstream of C3 activation. As ARGX-117 does not inhibit the alternative pathway, it is expected not to affect the antimicrobial activity of this complement pathway. ARGX-117 prevents complement-mediated cytotoxicity in in vitro models for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and antibody-mediated rejection of organ transplants. ARGX-117 exhibits pH- and calcium-dependent target binding and is Fc-engineered to increase affinity at acidic pH to the neonatal Fc receptor, and to reduce effector functions. In cynomolgus monkeys, ARGX-117 dose-dependently reduces free C2 levels and classical pathway activity. A 2-dose regimen of 80 and 20 mg/kg separated by a week, resulted in profound reduction of classical pathway activity lasting for at least 7 weeks.
ARGX-117 is a promising new complement inhibitor that is uniquely positioned to target both the classical and lectin pathways while leaving the alternative pathway intact.
Currently hemophilia A is mainly treated with factor VIII (FVIII). However, 20-25% of the hemophiliacs develop inhibiting antibodies (inhibitors) against FVIII. Hemophiliacs with inhibitors are ...treated with high dose FVIII or with therapies that bypass the need for FVIII such as activated FVII (rFVIIa, NovoSeven) or activated prothrombin concentrate. These have some disadvantages including rapid clearance, price and a risk of thrombo-embolism.
In hemophilia, the balance between coagulation and anticoagulation is shifted towards the latter. This balance can be restored by administration of clotting factors but also by reducing anticoagulation mechanisms. Antithrombin (AT) constitutes a main anticoagulant mechanism as it inhibits thrombin, FXa and other activated clotting factors. In silico studies as well as observations that AT deficiency reduces bleeding in hemophilic mice and humans strongly support the concept that lowering functional AT levels bypasses the need for FVIII to generate thrombin. A Phase 1 clinical trial by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals showed that lowering AT activity by RNA-interference can boost thrombin generation in hemophilia. However, RNA-interference is an experimental therapy with unknown long term effects and is not suitable for acute treatment of bleeding as it takes weeks to become effective.
We hypothesize that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block AT activity can be used as FVIII bypass therapy. Such a mAb-based therapy is suitable for on demand and for prophylactic therapy, is relatively cheap and does not require administration of activated clotting factors.
We have generated a panel of mouse anti-AT mAbs exhibiting varying binding characteristics to human AT. To assess the inhibitory activity of anti-AT mAbs, FXa activity assay was performed after FXa was incubated with normal plasma supplemented with the different anti-AT mAbs. Five anti-AT mAbs were identified that inhibit AT activity at around equimolar ratio. Inhibitory anti-AT mAbs were able to dose-dependently enhance thrombin generation in normal and hemophilic plasma. Heparin caused a marked prolongation of aPTT of normal and FVIII-deficient plasma, which was almost completely normalized by addition of the inhibitory mAb anti-AT 5G1.1, but not by anti-AT 6E7.2, indicating that these mAbs exert their inhibitory activity via different mechanisms.
These data provide initial in vitro proof-of-concept that inhibitory anti-AT mAbs can be used to improve coagulation and may be used as FVIII bypass therapy.
Boross:Prothix B.V.: Employment. Hack:Prothix B.V.: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties.
In this study, the essential properties of the impregnating agents for preserving wood were evaluated using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in fuzzy environment. Firstly, an AHP has been ...established and a questionnaire has been prepared of all criteria mentioned in the process. The questionnaire questions were answered by experts in the field. The answers were transformed into fuzzy numbers and all responses were evaluated in accordance with Buckley method. Fuzzy and normalized weights of all major and sub-criteria were calculated. According to the calculations made using this method, the first expected property impregnating agents for preserving wood was found to be the effectiveness parameter. It was followed by the eco-friendly, economic, permanent and reliable main criteria. The expected properties from an impregnation agent may vary according to the classes use and used wood commodity. This study showed that the fuzzy AHP method can be used in the impregnation industry as well as many engineering disciplines.
Bazı Odun Kabuklarının Kimyasal Analizi Sefa DURMAZ; Süleyman KUŞTAŞ; Özlem ÖZGENÇ ...
Düzce Üniversitesi bilim ve teknoloji dergisi (Online),
03/2016, Letnik:
4, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Önemli bir biokütle kaynağı olan ağaç kabuklarının kimyasal yapısı çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada üç farklı ağaç kabuğunun kimyasal bileşenleri incelenmiştir. Hücre duvarını oluşturan temel ...bileşenlerin (holoselüloz, alfa selüloz, lignin) kabuk içerisindeki oranları belirlenmiştir. Kabukta bulunan polisakkarit miktarı oduna oranla bir hayli düşük bulunmuştur. Kabuğun alkol-benzen, soğuk ve sıcak su ve %1 NaOH içerisindeki çözünme miktarı incelenmiştir. Kabuktaki çözünme miktarının oduna oranla yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ağaç kabuklarındaki kül oranı da incelenmiş ve oranların oduna kıyasla yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
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