Countries located on the Black Sea coast perform most of their sea trade through the Istanbul Strait (IS). Approximately 50,000 ships pass through the IS each year, with crude oil tankers making up ...the majority. Thus, the aim of the study is to determine the acute toxic effect of oil pollution that may occur as a result of crude oil tanker accidents in the IS. By utilising data related to accidents that have occurred in the IS, locations of concentrated tanker accidents, or “hot spots,” were determined by Kernel Density Analysis. Subsequently, the distribution of potential leaks following an oil tanker accident, within these hot spots, is modelled with GNOME software. Finally, acute toxicity caused by oil pollution in the marine ecosystem is determined by
Aliivibrio fischeri
luminescent bacteria toxicity test. In this research, 5 hot spots are identified, where the maximum calculated amount of oil that can reach the coastline after 72 h is 3096 metric tons. Similarly, oil pollution can affect a total coastline of 30–35 km. Furthermore, it was determined that after the oil was diluted in seawater, at a ratio of 1:200,000, the toxic effects decrease (EC
50
above 100 mg/L), yet the chronic effects may still continue. The results of this study may serve as a reference for coastal state authorities to develop emergency response plans. Having this valuable knowledge of where high-risk accidents are most concentrated, where the accidents occur intensely, which areas can be affected by the pollution, the duration of the pollution effects, and the distance between the areas, will help determine the number of intervention stations to be installed, their locations, and equipment to be installed to the stations.
Graphical abstract
Narrow waterways are important connection hubs, also known as logistics transfer nodes, within maritime transport, where maritime traffic can become very dense and congested. Heavy traffic, ...unsuitable environmental conditions and human errors make narrow waterways risky areas for marine accident occurrence. Accidents in narrow waterways cause ship damage, loss of cargo, loss of life and environmental disasters, as well as interruption of maritime transport and negative impact on the economy. Thus, the sustainability of navigational safety in narrow waterways has been the focus of attention of all beneficiaries in the maritime industry. The Singapore Strait is one of the busiest narrow waterways in the world in terms of the number of ships transiting. Sustaining and safe maritime transport in the Singapore Strait is significantly important for the sustainability of the global trade. Therefore, it is vitally important to appropriately identify the threats to safety of navigation in the Singapore Strait. In this study, the operational conditions that have played a role in the occurrence of accidents in the Singapore Strait are examined. For this purpose, using the Geographical Information System (GIS), the areas where marine accidents are concentrated were determined by the Kernel Density Analysis method and a “Marine Accidents Density Map” was created for the Singapore Strait. The relationship between the dense areas in the marine accidents density map and the operational conditions that play a role in the accidents in the Singapore Strait were examined using the Chi-Square Test and expert opinions. The results of the study indicate that if there is a condition (e.g., turning, joining to the traffic stream, or failure in propulsion/steering systems) that directly or indirectly disturbs the normal flow of traffic in the Singapore Strait, the risk of having an accident increases. The results of this study can be used to determine the measures to be taken for the prevention of possible accidents, as well as to help manage the risks associated with the ships that pass through the region.
This study investigates the effects of narrative ads, which differ in terms of narrative focus and brand prominence in a native advertising context. Considering the recent methodological debates ...about advertising and consumer experiments, we aim to design the research to be as realistic as possible. We produced video ad stimuli and published them as sponsored posts on Instagram to test the effects in a real-life setting. In this way, online engagement behavior was examined through social media metrics. The users who clicked on the ad were directed to the research website and asked to answer the scales of narrative transportation and attitude toward the ad. While the ads achieved different engagement results in line with their content features, transportation and attitude results demonstrate the superiority of narrative ads, which are product-oriented and with low brand prominence.
Dijital medya, reklamcılık uygulamalarını içerik ve biçim açısından dönüştürdüğü gibi, endüstrinin aktörlerini ve çalışma biçimlerini de etkilemektedir. Bu etkilerden biri reklamcılıkta freelance ...çalışmanın artmasıdır. Bu çalışma, reklamcılık ve ilgili pazarlama iletişimi uygulamalarında freelance çalışma modelini iş süreçleri, yaratıcılık, verimlilik, emek ve girişimcilik gibi kavramlar odağında incelemeyi; modelin avantajlarını ve dezavantajlarını tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma için nitel yaklaşım benimsenmiş; yaşları 22 ile 36 arasında değişen on (dört kadın ve altı erkek) freelance çalışanla yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklem, reklamcılık uygulamalarının yaratıcı, veriye dayalı ve proje yönetimi boyutlarını temsil etmektedir. Araştırma gerek işletme büyüklüğü gerek sektörel çeşitlilik açısından freelance çalışmanın yaygınlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Temel bulgular; dijital teknolojilerin, çevrimiçi emek platformlarının, heterarşik yapılanmanın ve işin geçiciliğinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Freelance çalışmanın başlıca sorunları arasında sosyal izolasyon ve dijital platformlardaki yoğun rekabet öne çıkmaktadır. Çalışma ekonomisi açısından bakıldığında, freelance çalışanların kendilerini emek tarafından girişimciliğe uzanan bir yolculuk içerisinde tarif ettiği belirtilebilir.
Digital media not only transforms advertising content and format but also influences the actors of the industry and the way they work. One of these influences is the increase of freelance work in advertising. This study aims to examine the freelance model in advertising and related marketing communications by focusing on procedures, creativity, productivity, labor, and entrepreneurship and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the model. We adopted the qualitative approach for the research and conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with ten (four females and six males) freelancers, aged 22 to 36. The sample represents the creative, data-driven, and project managing aspects of advertising practices. The research reveals the prevalence of freelance work in terms of both business size and sectoral diversity. Some of the main findings highlight the importance of digital technologies, online labor platforms, heterarchical organization, and ephemerality of the work. Social isolation and intense competition on digital platforms stand out among the primary problems of freelance work. In terms of labor economics, freelancers depict themselves in a journey from the labor side to entrepreneurship.
•In this study, the feasibility of the modified Human Factor Analysis and Classification System for Passenger Vessel collisions (HFACS-PV) is demonstrated for other types of accidents.•The HFACS-PV ...structure makes it possible to evaluate the occurrence of marine accidents and to analyse the contributions of human error.•The results of this study show that the HFACS-PV structure is compatible with contact, grounding and sinking accidents as well as collisions.•The main feature that distinguishes HFACS-PV from other HFACS structures is that it examines the internal and external environmental factors as a separate level under the name “Operational Conditions”
Shipping is one of the leading modes of transport that has dominated the world economy from past to present. The effectiveness and efficiency of maritime trade is closely related to maritime safety. Providing quality maritime safety is a fundamental requirement for environmentally friendly, sustainable, safe and efficient global trade. Therefore, maritime safety and human factors are frequently studied topics in literature. However, the fact that the human element has a complex socio-technical structure makes it difficult to fully analyse human factors in accidents. That is one of the biggest challenges in preventing and mitigating accidents. This research aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the modified Human Factor Analysis and Classification System for Passenger Vessel collisions (HFACS-PV) for other types of accidents. 51 grounding accidents that occurred in passenger vessels between 1991 and 2017 were analysed by using the HFACS-PV structure. The results show that the HFACS-PV structure created for passenger vessel accidents is compatible with contact, grounding and sinking accidents as well as collisions. Thus, the HFACS-PV structure allows for coherent analysis of marine accidents. Owing to the flexibility of HFACS, it is also possible to combine it with other analytical methods to conduct both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Sahte ve yanlış bilgilerin kolaylıkla dolaşıma girdiği, deepfake (derin sahtelik) ürünlerinin ve hatta hologram teknolojisinin sahte anlatıları inandırıcı kılmak için kullanılabildiği bir çağda ...hakikat ile yalan arasındaki çizgi giderek muğlaklaşmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra alternatif bir gerçeklik yaratmada kullanılan ya da propaganda malzemesine dönüştürülen sahte haberler, teyit edilmemiş bilgiler, komplo teorileri sadece dakikalar içerisinde hakikatin belini kırabilmekte, onu eğip bükebilmekte ve nihayetinde üretilmiş olan yeni ürün viral olabilmektedir. Büyük bir kesim ise post-truth kavramını liberalleşmiş demokratik anlayışa ve onun kurumlarına yönelik güçlü bir tehdit olarak kabul etmektedir. Yeni medya araçları ile sosyal medyanın yadsınamaz etkisi teknolojinin kimi zaman oldukça tehlikeli bir post-truth enstrümanına dönüşmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Etik problemler ve karşı duruşlar da tam olarak bu noktada cereyan etmeye başlamıştır. Hakikat arayışçıları olarak tabir edilebilecek her tür statüden birey için gerçeklik artık bir tür kutsal ikonaya dönüşmektedir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan dokümanter analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda post-truth kavramını konu alan birçok güncel çalışma, gazete ve dergi yazıları, istatistikler, podcast kayıtları, blog yazıları, açık erişimli web kaynakları ile çoklu ortam (multimedya) verileri incelenmiştir. Bu noktadan hareketle, bu çalışmada post-truth çağının tanımı, çağrışımları, kapsamı ile teknoloji odaklı ürünlerinin bireyler üzerindeki olası etkileri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda post-truth kavramı ile gündeme gelen yeni medya araçlarının dünya siyasetinde ayrıştırıcı dili yaygınlaştırmada kullanılan teknolojik enstrümanlara dönüştüğü görülmektedir. Ayrıca, siyasi yozlaşmanın toplumlarda bireyler düzeyinde atomikleşmiş kutuplaşmaya yol açtığı ve küresel çapta medyaya olan güvenin sorgulandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
In an age when fake and false information is easily circulated, deepfake products and even hologram technology can be used to make fake narratives believable, and the line between truth and lies is increasingly blurred. In addition, fake news, unconfirmed information, and conspiracy theories that are used to create an alternative reality or transform into propaganda material can break the truth in just minutes, bend it and eventually the end-product that has been produced can become viral. A large majority accept the concept of post-truth as a powerful threat to liberalized democratic comprehension and its institutions. The undeniable effect of new media tools and social media has allowed technology at times to turn into a very dangerous post-truth instrument. Ethical problems and oppositions have emerged at this point. The truth itself is now turning into a kind of sacred icon for individuals of any status that can be described as truth seekers. In this study, the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. From this perspective numerous current studies, newspaper and magazine articles, statistics, podcast recordings, blog posts, blog posts, open-access web resources and multimedia data on the concept of post-truth have been examined. Within this framework, in this study, the definition, connotations and scope of the post-truth age and the possible effects of its technology-oriented products on individuals have been tried to be examined. As a result of this study, it is seen that the new media tools that came to the agenda with the concept of post-truth have turned into technological instruments used to distribute the divisive language in world politics. In addition, it was concluded that political corruption leads to atomized polarization at the level of individuals in societies and the trust in the media on a global scale is questioned.
Bu çalışma, disiplinlerarası bir alan olan reklamcılığın farklı bilim dallarıyla olduğu kadar, sanatla da yakından ilişkili olduğu düşüncesinden hareketle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada, Stern’in ...(1990) pazarlama ve tiyatro arasındaki ortaklıktan yola çıkarak, reklamı dramaturjik çerçevede değerlendirdiği çalışması temel alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda absürt bir reklam örneği olarak, Eti Tutku markasının bir televizyon reklamı, absürt dramaturji açısından çözümlenmiştir. Böylece, reklamın dramaturjik çerçevede çözümlenmesine bir örnek sunmak ve çözümlenen reklam üzerinden, reklamda absürtlüğü teatral bir çerçevede değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Çözümleme sonucunda reklamın, “tema, eylem, sahne, karakter, dil ve ton” unsurlarının tamamı açısından absürt anlatım biçimini kullandığı ve absürt tiyatro eserleriyle benzerlikler taşıdığı görülmüştür. Böylece, absürt bir anlatı olarak değerlendirilen reklam üzerinden; felsefe, edebiyat ve sanat alanlarında dikkat çeken absürt kavramının, kitle iletişim alanına yansımaları tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu tarz reklamların yarattığı anlam ile birlikte, reklamcılıkta absürt strateji ve anlatım biçiminin kullanımına ilişkin çıkarımlar sunulmuş; reklam ve sanat ilişkisi üzerine yapılandırılabilecek araştırma önerilerine yer verilmiştir.
With the increase in the carrying capacity of passenger vessels parallel to technological developments over the last 25 years, accidents resulting in loss of lives have increased. Thus, accidents ...involving passenger vessels have become a major issue of concern in the maritime industry. In this study, 70 ship collision & contact accidents involving passenger vessels between 1991 and 2015 were examined. Unlike other studies in the literature, this investigation proposes a customized Human Factors Analysis and Classification System for Passenger Vessel Accidents (HFACS-PV) to facilitate analysing the human factor in passenger vessel accidents. In addition to the core HFACS structure, an additional operational condition level has been defined. The violations framework has been divided into the three sub-categories of rule violations, procedure violations, and abuse of authority, instead of the two broad categories of routine and exceptional violations. Abuse of authority is an intentional violation made knowingly and wilfully, therefore, abuse of authority has been considered separately. Furthermore, appropriate modifications have been made to the headings under the second level of HFACS-Preconditions for Unsafe Acts for compliance with the maritime industry.
•Subcategories of HFACS's main levels were adapted to the maritime industry and passenger vessels.•Modified HFACS-PV structure analyses accidents in 5 levels.•Proposed a modified HFACS structure for analysing passenger vessel accidents, based on core HFACS structure.
PDF
