The generation of precise land cover classification maps is an important application of high resolution satellite multispectral imagery. In this study, Spectral Angle Mapper algorithm (SAM) was used ...to extract the spectral characteristics from multispectral imagery. The spectral angle between neighbouring pixels was calculated. The distribution of spectral characteristics was derived from the average and variance of the calculated spectral angle in a 3×3 window of the image. The extracted spectral characteristics were combined with original multispectral imagery, and the data were classified by the maximum likelihood method. This approach was applied to Quickbird multispectral imagery. The extracted spectral characteristics highlighted boundaries between different types of land cover. The method proposed in this study exhibits an increase in overall classification accuracy relative to the original maximum likelihood method.
Large part of urban area of around Kobe city were damaged by the 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake. For detecting the damaged area, the authors computed correlation coefficients from single-look complex ...ERS-1/SAR data. Two types of correlations, intensity correlation and coherence were computed. Decorrelation was found in the damaged urban built-up area in the data pair of which interval included the earthquake occurrence. The similarity of the decorrelation between the intensity correlation and the coherence indicated that major factor of the decorrelation is closely related to interferometric processes, which results in the change of speckle patterns in the single-look intensity images. A normalized difference was calculated from the correlation coefficients between the data pair including the earthquake occurrence and the pair before the earthquake. The distribution patterns of the pixels for which normalized difference was higher than a threshold showed good correspondence with the result of the ground survey. The result of this study indicates the possibility of detecting urban disasters using the decorrelation of SAR data.
Certified reference materials (CRMs) for food analysis were developed in an inter-laboratory experiment for validation of measurement of radiocesium in foodstuffs. Since 2012, five series of CRMs ...were developed, including for brown rice grain, soybean powder, beef flake, shiitake mushroom powder and marine fish (meat and bone parts). This paper discusses the strategy of development, including choice of CRMs developed and the preparation and certification procedures applied for CRM development. In particular, some detailed data are presented for the most popular CRMs developed: brown rice grain, soybean powder and beef flake.
The aims of the present study were to determine whether salsolinol (SAL), a dopamine-related compound, is present in the bovine posterior pituitary (PP) gland, and to clarify the effect of SAL on the ...secretion of prolactin (PRL) in ruminants. SAL was detected in extract of bovine PP gland using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). A single intravenous (i.v.) injection of SAL (5 and 10
mg/kg body weight) significantly and dose-dependently stimulated the release of PRL in goats (
P
<
0.05). Plasma PRL levels reached a peak 10
min after the injection, then gradually returned to basal values in 60–80
min. The PRL-releasing pattern was similar to that in response to sulpiride (a dopamine receptor antagonist). The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 1
mg of SAL had no significant effect on the release of PRL in calves, however, 5
mg significantly stimulated the release (
P
<
0.05) with peak values reached 30–40
min after the injection. Moreover, SAL significantly stimulated the release of PRL from cultured bovine anterior pituitary cells at doses of 10
−6 and 10
−5
M, compared to control cells (
P
<
0.05). Taken together, our data clearly show that SAL is present in extract of the PP gland of ruminants, and has PRL-releasing activity both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, this endogenous compound is a strong candidate for the factor having PRL-releasing activity that has been previously detected in extract of the bovine PP gland.
Efficiency calibration of a Ge detector in the 0.1–11.0 MeV region Raman, S.; Yonezawa, C.; Matsue, H. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2000, Letnik:
454, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
An efficiency curve was constructed for a large-volume Ge detector located at the thermal-neutron beam line of the JRR-3M reactor at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). The ...calibrations for γ-ray energies below 2754 keV were accomplished with a large number of radioactive sources and above 2754 keV with the
12C(n,γ) and
14N(n,γ) reactions. This detector and its efficiency curve were subsequently used to determine accurately the photon emission probabilities of γ rays from the decays of
56
Co
(T
1/2=77
d)
and
66
Ga
(9.5
h)
and from the
35Cl(n,γ) reaction. These radiation sources can serve as secondary standards for efficiency calibrations.
Mantle wedge below the Northeast Japan arc contains hydrous fluids that dehydrated from two parts of the descending slab: a sediment layer and an altered oceanic crust (AOC). In order to estimate the ...weight percent of a sediment-derived fluid in the mantle wedge, we determine boron and other element contents of Japan Trench sediments and Iwate basaltic lavas on the Northeast Japan volcanic front. Trace element contents of the trench sediments are used to estimate those of the sediment-derived fluid, and previously reported trace element contents of the AOC are used to estimate those of the AOC-derived fluid. Examination of mobile/immobile element ratios (B/Sm, Ba/Sm, K
2O/Sm, B/Zr, Ba/Zr, K
2O/Zr) of the two slab-derived fluids and Iwate basaltic lavas, indicates a mixing ratio between the AOC-derived fluid and the sediment-derived fluid is 90:10 in the mantle wedge beneath the Northeastern Japan arc. The mobile/immobile element ratios also suggest that the subducted sediment recycle to the mantle wedge beneath Northeast Japan as sediment-fluid rather than sediment-melt. Since the weight fraction of the total slab-derived fluid in the mantle wedge is estimated to be less than 1 wt%, an addition of a small amount (<0.1 wt%) of the sediment-derived fluid to the mantle wedge fulfills the boron and other trace element contents in the Iwate basaltic lavas.
In prompt γ-ray measurements following slow-neutron capture, the Doppler-broadened 478
keV peak resulting from capture in boron was deliberately overlapped with prompt γ-rays of similar energies ...resulting from capture in sodium, cobalt, and nickel. A peak decomposition method was developed in which the broadened line shape was represented by an integral of the Gaussian function and the spectrum in the 455–490
keV region was decomposed into a broad peak and interfering normal peaks by using a nonlinear least-squares procedure. The accuracy and detection limits of the current method for boron determination were confirmed by comparing the analytical results with those obtained by the reference line method and with boron amounts known during sample preparation by direct weighing and aliquoting.
The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake was observed using phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar (PALSAR) and polarimetric and interferometric airborne synthetic aperture ...radar (PiSAR) full-polarimetric data. Representative polarimetric parameters were calculated from full-polarimetric data for urban areas, where most of the buildings were destroyed by the subsequent tsunami, in order to identify the radar scattering mechanism in these areas. These parameters were compared with the ones observed before the disaster. The full-polarimetric data analysis shows that the affected areas were represented by surface scattering with high entropy, indicating that a complex scattering mechanism with nonreflection symmetry is involved. The coherence between HH and VV and that between RR and LL are the most important factors in distinguishing the disaster areas from the data. Alpha angle and anisotropy are also important factors in this respect; however, anisotropy derived from PiSAR data does not show the difference between areas with collapsed and still-standing buildings. This may be because the azimuth slope angle for the target urban area is different before and after the disaster for both PALSAR and PiSAR data. Owing to the double-bounce scattering from azimuthally rotated targets in the urban areas, the power estimated from the four-component decomposition model is distributed within a wide range not only for double-bounce scattering but also for volume and surface scatterings. Additionally, the model does not show a systematic change between before and after the disaster, and σ 0 for four polarizations with 30-m resolution does not show a systematic difference.
Serum samples were collected in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, from 1970 to 1972 for 208 persons who in 1973-1983 developed stomach cancer; for 77 who in 1973-1983 developed lung cancer; and for ...controls matched for age, sex, city, and season of blood collection. Average serum levels of selenium and zinc were slightly (< 5%) but not significantly lower among the cancer cases than among controls. Smoking-adjusted risks of lung cancer were elevated only among those in the lowest quartiles of serum selenium odds ratio (OR) = 1.8 and zinc (OR = 1.3); the trends in risk of this cancer with decreasing serum levels were neither linear nor significant. Little or no excess risk of stomach cancer was observed among those with lowest levels of selenium (OR = 1.0) or zinc (OR = 1.2). These exploratory findings add to limited data available from other reports showing slightly increased risks of lung cancer associated with low blood levels of selenium, but suggest little association with either lung or stomach cancer across normal selenium or zinc ranges in this Japanese population.
