Peptides derived from gp41 effectively block the gp41-mediated cell fusion or HIV infection. A 36-mer (naDP178), 51-mer (C51) and 27-mer peptide (C27) from the membrane proximal region of gp41 have ...been examined their interaction modes with the coiled-coil motif of gp41 presented in thioredoxin (Trx-N) or the bacterially expressed ectodomain of gp41 (Ec-gp41ec). All of these peptides effectively inhibited the gp41-mediated membrane fusion, however, they showed distinct interaction modes with Ec-gp41ec or Trx-N. C51 peptide bound tightly to Trx-N, and it increased the solubility of Ec-gp41ec. naDP178 showed very weak binding affinity to Trx-N, however, it effectively solubilized Ec-gp41ec. In contrast, C27 peptide showed significant binding to Trx-N; however, it did not affect the solubility of Ec-gp41ec. These interaction modes of C-peptides were assumed to be related to their different inhibitory mechanism against gp41-mediated cell fusion.
Verapamil is the first-line preventive medication for cluster headache, an excruciating disorder with strong circadian features. Whereas second- and third-line preventives include known circadian ...modulators, such as melatonin, corticosteroids, and lithium, the circadian effects of verapamil are poorly understood. Here, we characterize the circadian features of verapamil using both in vitro and in vivo models. In Per2::LucSV reporter fibroblasts, treatment with verapamil (0.03-10 µM) showed a dose-dependent period shortening of the reporter rhythm which reached a nadir at 1 µM, and altered core clock gene expression at 10 µM. Mouse wheel-running activity with verapamil (1 mg/mL added to the drinking water) also resulted in significant period shortening and activity reduction in both male and female free-running wild-type C57BL6/J mice. The temporal patterns of activity reduction, however, differ between the two sexes. Importantly, piezo sleep recording revealed sexual dimorphism in the effects of verapamil on sleep timing and bout duration, with more pronounced adverse effects in female mice. We also found altered circadian clock gene expression in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and trigeminal ganglion of verapamil-treated mice. Verapamil did not affect reporter rhythms in ex vivo suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) slices from Per2:Luc reporter mice, perhaps due to the exceptionally tight coupling in the SCN. Thus, verapamil affects both peripheral (trigeminal ganglion) and central (hypothalamus and cerebellum) nervous system structures involved in cluster headache pathophysiology, possibly with network effects instead of isolated SCN effects. These studies suggest that verapamil is a circadian modulator in laboratory models at both molecular and behavioral levels, and sex is an important biological variable for cluster headache medications. These observations highlight the circadian system as a potential convergent target for cluster headache medications with different primary mechanisms of action.
The full extent of damage depend greatly on the quick and rational decision making by the incident commander soon after the disaster. The decision that everybody should wait by the captain, not to ...enter into the ship by the first dispatched incident commander, broadcasting failure have brought about a huge loss of life at Sewol cruise ship incident. Thus this study reviews the training and education system supporting the rational crisis decision making performed by the incident commander to cut off the expansion of disaster which is caused by the failure of the incident situation awareness and the decision making described above. KCI Citation Count: 0
A striking feature of the circadian clock is its flexible yet robust response to various environmental conditions. To analyze the biochemical processes underlying this flexible-yet-robust ...characteristic, we examined the effects of 1,260 pharmacologically active compounds in mouse and human clock cell lines. Compounds that markedly (>10 s.d.) lengthened the period in both cell lines, also lengthened it in central clock tissues and peripheral clock cells. Most compounds inhibited casein kinase Iepsilon (CKIepsilon) or CKIdelta phosphorylation of the PER2 protein. Manipulation of CKIepsilon/delta-dependent phosphorylation by these compounds lengthened the period of the mammalian clock from circadian (24 h) to circabidian (48 h), revealing its high sensitivity to chemical perturbation. The degradation rate of PER2, which is regulated by CKIepsilon/delta-dependent phosphorylation, was temperature-insensitive in living clock cells, yet sensitive to chemical perturbations. This temperature-insensitivity was preserved in the CKIepsilon/delta-dependent phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide in vitro. Thus, CKIepsilon/delta-dependent phosphorylation is likely a temperature-insensitive period-determining process in the mammalian circadian clock.
유,무산소성 운동선수와 시신의 배곧은근 형태 분석 정락희; Rak Hee Chung; 방상식 ...
Ch'eyuk kwahak yŏn'gu,
12/2004, Letnik:
15, Številka:
4
Journal Article
운동선수와 시신의 배곧은근 형태와 배벽동맥의 분지양상에 대한 형태구조를 평가하기 위하여 국가대표급선수(중·장거리달리기, 체조, 역도, 단거리달리기) 남자 38명과 시신 49구를 분석한 결과, 배곧은근의 길이는 운동선수와 시신 공히 키에 비례하여 신장의 1/5에 해당되었으며, 운동선수의 경우 배곧은근 길이는 유산소성 운동종목선수(중·장거리)가 무산소성 ...운동종목선수(체조, 역도, 단거리달리기)에 비해 절대적 길이는 길었다. 운동선수와 시신 간의 배곧은근 길이 절대값은 중·장거리 달리기선수군과 시신은 비슷하였으나 체조, 역도, 단거리달리기 선수군은 시신보다 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 배곧은근의 너비는 운동종목 특성에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 배곧은근의 상복부 너비는 중·장거리달리기선수군이, 중간복부는 역도선수가, 하복부는 체조선수가 가장 넓었다. 시신의 배곧은근 너비는 운동선수군에 비해 좁게 나타났으며, 운동선수 및 시신 공히 오른쪽이 왼쪽에 비해 상대적으로 넓었다. 배세모근의 형태는 시신의 경우 남·녀 대부분이 변이형태로 나타나며 높이는 남자가 여자보다 길었으나 너비는 비슷하였다. 나눔힘줄의 개수는 운동선수와 시신 공히 Type I(3개), Type II(4개)의 순이며, Type III(2개)의 비율은 매우 낮았다. 유산소성 운동종목선수군은 Type II(4개)의 비율이 높았고, 무산소성 운동종목선수군은 Type I (3개)의 비율이 높았다. 나눔힘줄의 모양은 첫 번째, 두 번째, 세 번째 것은 운동선수와 시신 공히 완전형이 가장 많았고, 네 번째 것은 체조, 역도, 단거리 달리기선수군의 경우 불완전형이 많았으나 중·장거리달리기선수군과 시신의 경우는 조각난 모양이 많았다. 시신의 경우 남자는 대칭되지 않고 연결된 형이 많은 반면, 여자는 대칭이면서 연결된 형이 많았다. 위배벽동맥의 직경은 시신의 경우 남·녀간 좌우측 차이가 없었으나, 깊은아래배벽동맥의 경우 남·녀 공히 우측이 좌측보다 굵었다. 위배벽동맥이 시작하는 부위는 남·녀 공히 Type I(배곧은근의 내측)이 가장 많았고, 다음이 Type II(중간)이었으나, 남자는 Type IV(2개의 구), 여자는 Type III(외측)가 관찰되지 않았다. 깊은 아래배벽동맥의 길이는 4cm 내외로 남자가 여자보다 길고 남·녀 공히 좌측보다 우측이 더 길었다.
This study was performed in order analyze the structural characteristics of the gross structure of rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) and epigastric artery distribution of athletes and Korean cadavers. The length of RAM was reached at one-fifth relative to the height in both groups. No difference between aerobic type athletes (distance runners) and cadavers in the length of RAM, whereas was shorter in anaerobic type athletes (gymnasts, weight lifters, sprinters) than that of cadavers. Among the athletic group, the length of RAM in aerobic type athletes of distance runners was longer than anaerobic type athletes, likely gymnasts, sprinters, and weight-lifters. The width of RAM in the cadavers was narrower than athletes, and the width of RAM in athletes demonstrated a sport event-specific structure, which was that the width of upper, middle and lower parts of RAM was broader in aerobic type athletes, weight-lifters, and gymnasts, respectively. The characteristics of the pyramidalis muscle (PM) in both sex observed as irregular structure and no sexual difference was found in the length of PM. Type and number of the tendinous intersection (TI) were observed as three intersections of typeⅠ, four intersections of typeⅡ and two intersections of typeⅢ, but only few cases was revealed typeⅢ. A large proportion of aerobic type athletes was belong to typeⅡ, whereas typeⅠ was prevalent. The structural characteristics of TI can be divided as complete and symmetric or remnant and asymmetric types. Complete and symmetric type was mainly occurred in the first and second rows from xiphoid process on TI in both groups, but a large portion of asymmetric type was shown in the fourth row of TI. In case of fourth row of TI, complete type was appeared in anaerobic type athletes, but inversely remnant type was observed in aerobic type athletes and cadavers. Further, complete and symmetric type was prevalent in female in occasion of cadavers. No difference in the size of epigastric artery between sexes, but the right deep inferior epigastric artery was bigger than the left one. Number of the hilum of superior epigastric artery was highest in typeⅠ (inside of RAM) and followed in typeⅡ (middle of RAM). The type Ⅳ (two mouths type) and typeⅢ (outside of RAM) were only shown in male and female cadavers. The length of deep inferior epigastric artery was four centimeters and longer in male than female, and the right side was longer than the left one in both sexes.
Plasma-derived products are produced from plasma via fractionation and chromatography techniques, but can also be produced by other methods. In the performance of nucleic acid amplification tests ...(NAT) with plasma-derived products, it is necessary to include an internal control for the monitoring of all procedures. In order to avoid false negative results, we confirmed the usefulness of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) for use as an internal control in the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in plasma-derived products.
This study evaluated the effect of ANTORIN R-10(pFSH), a commercially available follicle stimulating hormone on ovarian morphology, on follicular development and serum estradiol levels in rats. ...Immature female Wistar S/T rats(27 day old; 80-100 g B.wt) maintained under controlled environmental conditions($22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$; 50% humidity; 12 h light/12 h dark cycle) with free access to standard laboratory feed and tap water were utilized. Animals were allowed to acclimatize to the new environment for at least 2 weeks before being included in the experiment. Rats were randomly allotted to 5 groups(Control, SL 0.1AU, SH 0.2AU, TL 0.1AU and TH 0.2AU). ANTORIN R-10 was subcutaneously injected twice daily for 3 days. Twenty hours after hormone treatment, blood was collected to estimate the serum estradiol $17-\beta$ concentration. Immediately, all rats were sacrificed and the ovarian morphology, ovary weight and number of follicles were recorded. Ovaries were fixed for histomorphological examination. Higher standard and treatment groups were significantly increased on ovary weight and the number of follicles more than 1mm compared with lower standard and treatment. However, no difference revealed between standard and treatment groups. ANTORIN R-10 was similar effects of follicles development and maturation compared with House standard FSH.
Glyphosate containing herbicides are an alternative to paraquat and have been widely used with increasing frequency in suicide attempts throughout Asia. It is an organophosphorus compound that is not ...a cholinesterase inhibitor. Daejangun powder consists of glyphosate ammonium, surfactant and another herbicide, oxyfluorfen. A 60- year-old man ingested about 300 g of Daejangun powder with 500 ml of water in a suicide attempt. He was brought to emergency room 6 hours after the ingestion and showed severe metabolic acidosis (pH 6.75), marked leukocytosis (WBC 35,800/mm3), hypoglycemia (glucose 13 mg/dL) and increased liver enzymes (AST/ALT 1,683/418 IU/L). Later he developed aspiration pneumonia, acute renal failure and hyperchloremic acidosis. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy which performed 5 days after the ingestion revealed corrosive injuries (grade 1) in both esophagus and stomach. However, intensive treatment with supportive measures improved the abnormal findings almost completely 4 weeks after the ingestion.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of body blade and Thera band exercise on upper extremity strength, grip strength and balance of university students. Design: Single ...Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Method: twenty healthy adults, participated in this study, and were recruited by G University in Gimcheon Korea. The subjects were randomly divided into A group that went through Thera band exercise and B group that went through Body blade exercise. Each group had 10 subjects. All subjects did the experiment for 3 times a week for 3weeks. Spss was used for statistical analysis. Result: 1) Grip strength: After exercising, for the BE group, there were statistically significant differences in dominant and non-dominant hand. However, for the TE group, there were no significant statistical differences in both hands. 2) muscle strength: In the TE group there were no significant statistical differences in the dominant and non-dominant arm. But in the BE group there were differences which were found. 3) balance: After exercising, both groups had no significant statistical difference in medial lateral balance. In anterior and posterior balance, TE group had no statistical significant difference but BE group did. Conclusion: To improve muscle strength balance and grip strength, body blade exercise is more effective than Thera band exercise.
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