A new strategy is reported to achieve high‐mobility, low‐off‐current, and operationally stable solution‐processable metal‐oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) using a corrugated heterojunction channel ...structure. The corrugated heterojunction channel, having alternating thin‐indium‐tin‐zinc‐oxide (ITZO)/indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (IGZO) and thick‐ITZO/IGZO film regions, enables the accumulated electron concentration to be tuned in the TFT off‐ and on‐states via charge modulation at the vertical regions of the heterojunction. The ITZO/IGZO TFTs with optimized corrugated structure exhibit a maximum field‐effect mobility >50 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an on/off current ratio of >108 and good operational stability (threshold voltage shift <1 V for a positive‐gate‐bias stress of 10 ks, without passivation). To exploit the underlying conduction mechanism of the corrugated heterojunction TFTs, a physical model is implemented by using a variety of chemical, structural, and electrical characterization tools and Technology Computer‐Aided Design simulations. The physical model reveals that efficient charge manipulation is possible via the corrugated structure, by inducing an extremely high carrier concentration at the nanoscale vertical channel regions, enabling low off‐currents and high on‐currents depending on the applied gate bias.
High‐performance and controllable metal oxide semiconductors utilizing a corrugated bilayer structure are achieved, which display enhanced mobility and control of carrier concentration, corresponding to the operation states of the device. This novel strategy can be used as a general route to high‐mobility, extremely stable, and controllable semiconductor devices, offering compatibility with standard complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) processing and large‐scale on‐chip device applications.
Mimicking human skin sensation such as spontaneous multimodal perception and identification/discrimination of intermixed stimuli is severely hindered by the difficulty of efficient integration of ...complex cutaneous receptor‐emulating circuitry and the lack of an appropriate protocol to discern the intermixed signals. Here, a highly stretchable cross‐reactive sensor matrix is demonstrated, which can detect, classify, and discriminate various intermixed tactile and thermal stimuli using a machine‐learning approach. Particularly, the multimodal perception ability is achieved by utilizing a learning algorithm based on the bag‐of‐words (BoW) model, where, by learning and recognizing the stimulus‐dependent 2D output image patterns, the discrimination of each stimulus in various multimodal stimuli environments is possible. In addition, the single sensor device integrated in the cross‐reactive sensor matrix exhibits multimodal detection of strain, flexion, pressure, and temperature. It is hoped that his proof‐of‐concept device with machine‐learning‐based approach will provide a versatile route to simplify the electronic skin systems with reduced architecture complexity and adaptability to various environments beyond the limitation of conventional “lock and key” approaches.
A highly stretchable cross‐reactive sensor matrix for electronic‐skin applications is demonstrated, which can detect, classify, and discriminate various intermixed tactile and thermal stimuli based on machine learning. By adopting a learning algorithm based on the bag‐of‐words model, highly accurate classification of intermixed stimuli is achieved.
Despite intensive research on photochemical activation of sol–gel metal oxide materials, the relatively long processing time and lack of deep understanding of the underlying chemical courses have ...limited their broader impact on diverse materials and applications such as thin‐film electronics, photovoltaics, and catalysts. Here, in‐depth studies on the rapid photochemical activation of diverse sol–gel oxide films using various spectroscopic and electrical investigations for the underlying physicochemical mechanism are reported. Based on the exhaustive chemical and physical analysis, it is noted that deep ultraviolet‐promoted rapid film formation such as densification, polycondensation, and impurity decomposition is possible within 5 min via in situ radical‐mediated reactions. Finally, the rapid fabrication of all‐solution metal oxide thin‐film‐transistor circuitry, which exhibits stable and reliable electrical performance with a mobility of >12 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an oscillation frequency of >650 kHz in 7‐stage ring oscillator even after bending at a radius of <1 mm is demonstrated.
The general physicochemical mechanisms underlying photoactivated sol–gel reactions are described, with comprehensive chemical and structural analysis inducing rapid (<5 min) fabrication of various metal oxide films at low temperatures (<150 °C), and all‐solution processed high‐performance electronic devices and circuitry on ultrathin polymeric substrates are demonstrated. This will open new possibilities to prepare future electronic materials in a fast, scalable, and economic manner.
In patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving potent antiplatelet therapy, the bleeding risk remains high during the maintenance phase. We sought data on a uniform unguided de-escalation ...strategy of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) from ticagrelor to clopidogrel after acute myocardial infarction.
In this open-label, assessor-masked, multicentre, non-inferiority, randomised trial (TALOS-AMI), patients at 32 institutes in South Korea with acute myocardial infarction receiving aspirin and ticagrelor without major ischaemic or bleeding events during the first month after index percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to a de-escalation (clopidogrel plus aspirin) or active control (ticagrelor plus aspirin) group. Unguided de-escalation without a loading dose of clopidogrel was adopted when switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or bleeding type 2, 3, or 5 according to Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria from 1 to 12 months. A non-inferiority test was done to assess the safety and efficacy of de-escalation DAPT compared with standard treatment. The hazard ratio (HR) for de-escalation versus active control group in a stratified Cox proportional hazards model was assessed for non-inferiority by means of an HR margin of 1·34, which equates to an absolute difference of 3·0% in the intention-to-treat population and, if significant, a superiority test was done subsequently. To ensure statistical robustness, additional analyses were also done in the per-protocol population. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02018055.
From Feb 26, 2014, to Dec 31, 2018, from 2901 patients screened, 2697 patients were randomly assigned: 1349 patients to de-escalation and 1348 to active control groups. At 12 months, the primary endpoints occurred in 59 (4·6%) in the de-escalation group and 104 (8·2%) patients in the active control group (pnon-inferiority<0·001; HR 0·55 95% CI 0·40–0·76, psuperiority=0·0001). There was no significant difference in composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke between de-escalation (2·1%) and the active control group (3·1%; HR 0·69; 95% CI 0·42–1·14, p=0·15). Composite of BARC 2, 3, or 5 bleeding occurred less frequently in the de-escalation group (3·0% vs 5·6%, HR 0·52; 95% CI 0·35–0·77, p=0·0012).
In stabilised patients with acute myocardial infarction after index PCI, a uniform unguided de-escalation strategy significantly reduced the risk of net clinical events up to 12 months, mainly by reducing the bleeding events.
ChongKunDang Pharm, Medtronic, Abbott, and Boston Scientific.
A new structural phase is discovered for M2CO2 MXenes with M = Sc, Y, La, Lu, Tm, and Ho. The hexagonal carbon layer sandwiched between M atoms, typical for MXenes, is transformed into C3 trimers ...with anionic electrons localized in quasi zero‐dimensional lattice spaces in‐between the C3 units, so the systems can be described as M6 C3 O6+II : 2e− electrides. The systems are readily ionized into M6 C3 O6+II with very low ionization energy via an anti‐doping mechanism. It is shown that this new structure of Sc2CO2 can bind multiple lithium atoms, with low migration barriers. The findings indicate that these M2CO2 MXenes with unusual carbon trimers are a new family of 2D electride insulators with the potential for charge storage applications, thermal field emission, and as anode material in lithium batteries.
The discovery of a family of 2D electride materials with composition M2CO2 is reported, where M = Sc, Y, La, Lu, Tm, and Ho. The electride behavior emerges in a new structural phase for MXenes, where the hexagonal carbon layer is broken up into C3 trimers, and anionic electrons get trapped in the voids between the C3 units.
Comparative outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease were previously reported. However, data on ...very long-term (>10 years) outcomes are limited.
The authors compare 10-year outcomes after PCI and CABG for LMCA disease.
In this observational study of the MAIN-COMPARE (Revascularization for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty versus Surgical Revascularization) registry, the authors evaluated 2,240 patients with unprotected LMCA disease who underwent PCI (n = 1,102) or underwent CABG (n = 1,138) between January 2000 and June 2006. Adverse outcomes (death; a composite outcome of death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, or stroke; and target-vessel revascularization) were compared with the use of propensity scores and inverse-probability-weighting adjustment. The follow-up was extended to at least 10 years of all patients (median 12.0 years).
In the overall cohort, there was no significant difference in adjusted risks of death and the composite outcome between the groups up to 10 years. The risk of target-vessel revascularization was significantly higher in the PCI group. In the cohort comparing drug-eluting stents and concurrent CABG, the 2 study groups did not differ significantly in the risks of death and the composite outcome at 5 years. However, after 5 years, drug-eluting stents were associated with higher risks of death (hazard ratio: 1.35; 95% confidence interval: 1.00 to 1.81) and the composite outcome (hazard ratio: 1.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.10 to 1.94) compared with CABG.
In patients with significant LMCA disease, as compared with CABG, PCI showed similar rates of death and serious composite outcomes, but a higher rate of target-vessel revascularization at 10 years. However, CABG showed lower mortality and serious composite outcome rates compared with PCI with drug-eluting stents after 5 years. (Revascularization for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty versus Surgical Revascularization MAIN-COMPARE; NCT02791412)
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The recurrent neural network (RNN) model, which is a deep-learning network that can memorize past information, is used in this paper to memorize continuous movements in indoor positioning to reduce ...positioning error. To use an RNN model in Wi-Fi-fingerprint based indoor positioning, data set must be sequential. However, Wi-Fi fingerprinting only saves the received signal strength indicator for a location, so it cannot be used as RNN data. For this reason, we propose a movement path data generation technique that generates data for an RNN model for sequential positioning from Wi-Fi fingerprint data. Movement path data can be generated by creating an adjacency list for Wi-Fi fingerprint location points. However, creating an adjacency matrix for all location points requires a large amount of computation. This problem is solved by dividing indoor environment by K-means clustering and creating a cluster transition matrix based on the center of each cluster.
Background & Aims
Previous studies demonstrated conflicting results regarding the association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and atrial fibrillation (AF). The statistical power was ...not sufficient because of modest sample sizes of these studies. We analysed a large population‐based cohort to evaluate the association between NAFLD and AF.
Methods
We evaluated 334 280 healthy individuals without comorbidities who underwent National Health check‐ups in South Korea from 2009 to 2014. NAFLD was defined by a surrogate marker, the fatty liver index (FLI). The association between FLI and AF incidence was analysed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models.
Results
During a median follow‐up of 5.3 years, 1415 subjects (0.4%) were newly diagnosed with AF. Subjects were categorized into quartile groups according to FLI (range: Q1, 0‐4.9; Q2, 5.0‐12.5; Q3, 12.6‐31.0; Q4, >31.0). The cumulative incidence of AF was significantly higher in subjects with higher FLIs than in those with lower FLIs (Q1, 167 0.2%; Q2, 281 0.3%; Q3, 470 0.6%; Q4, 497 0.6%; P < .001). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) indicated that a higher FLI was independently associated with an increased risk for AF (HR between Q4 and Q1, 1.35; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.11‐1.63; P = .002). After further adjustment for the interim events (diabetes, hypertension, heart failure and myocardial infarction), this association remained statistically significant (HR between Q4 and Q1, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.19‐2.03; P = .001).
Conclusions
NAFLD, assessed by FLI, was independently associated with increased risk for AF in healthy Korean population. Moreover, NAFLD itself predisposes to AF independently of the interim events.
•Rheological and stiffness properties of zein biopolymer are investigated.•Solvent and curing conditions influence rheological properties of zein biopolymer gel.•Zein biopolymer generally shows a ...non-Newtonian shear-thickening behavior.•Shear wave velocity of biopolymer-treated soil increases with the curing period.•Dehydration and microparticle size influence rheological properties of biopolymer gel.
The modification of polymeric biomolecules to achieve improved cementation is important for their potential applications. This study presents the rheological behaviors of eco-friendly zein biopolymer and stiffness characteristics of biopolymer-treated soil under various solvent and curing conditions. The rheological and stiffness characteristics of zein biopolymer are evaluated in terms of shear stress, viscosity, and shear wave velocity. The time sensitivity, flow index, and microstructure of biopolymer gel are analyzed. The biopolymer gel generally exhibits a weakly non-Newtonian shear-thickening behavior, except for the specimen cured for 24 h under chamber condition. At a constant shear rate, the biopolymer gel shows a rheopexy behavior, which is characterized by an increase in viscosity over time. The shear wave velocity of biopolymer-treated soil increases with the curing period, up to 50 and 96 % under atmospheric and chamber conditions, respectively. The peak absorption values for the hydroxyl functional group decrease significantly as the curing period and ethanol content increase. Furthermore, the microparticle sizes of the zein biopolymer gel decrease with increasing ethanol content. Therefore, understanding the stiffness characteristics of biopolymer-treated soil specimens for potential soil stabilization can be improved based on the rheological properties of zein biopolymer.
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