Infants are at highest risk of pneumococcal disease. Their added protection through herd effects is a key part in the considerations on optimal pneumococcal vaccination strategies. Yet, little is ...currently known about the main transmission pathways to this vulnerable age group. Hence, this study investigates pneumococcal transmission routes to infants in the coastal city of Nha Trang, Vietnam.
In October 2018, we conducted a nested cross-sectional contact and pneumococcal carriage survey in randomly selected 4- to 11-month-old infants across all 27 communes of Nha Trang. Bayesian logistic regression models were used to estimate age specific carriage prevalence in the population, a proxy for the probability that a contact of a given age could lead to pneumococcal exposure for the infant. We used another Bayesian logistic regression model to estimate the correlation between infant carriage and the probability that at least one of their reported contacts carried pneumococci, controlling for age and locality. In total, 1,583 infants between 4 and 13 months old participated, with 7,428 contacts reported. Few infants (5%, or 86 infants) attended day care, and carriage prevalence was 22% (353 infants). Most infants (61%, or 966 infants) had less than a 25% probability to have had close contact with a pneumococcal carrier on the surveyed day. Pneumococcal infection risk and contact behaviour were highly correlated: If adjusted for age and locality, the odds of an infant's carriage increased by 22% (95% confidence interval (CI): 15 to 29) per 10 percentage points increase in the probability to have had close contact with at least 1 pneumococcal carrier. Moreover, 2- to 6-year-old children contributed 51% (95% CI: 39 to 63) to the total direct pneumococcal exposure risks to infants in this setting. The main limitation of this study is that exposure risk was assessed indirectly by the age-dependent propensity for carriage of a contact and not by assessing carriage of such contacts directly.
In this study, we observed that cross-sectional contact and infection studies could help identify pneumococcal transmission routes and that preschool-age children may be the largest reservoir for pneumococcal transmission to infants in Nha Trang, Vietnam.
Factors limiting the strain rate of superplastic deformation in ceramic materials are discussed on the basis of existing models and experimental results concerning high-temperature plastic ...deformation, intergranular cavitation and dynamic grain growth. From the discussion, it is indicated that simultaneously fulfilling the following conditions is essential for attaining high-strain-rate superplasticity (HSRS) in ceramic materials: reduction in the initial grain size, enhanced diffusivity, suppressed dynamic grain growth, a homogeneous microstructure and a reduced number of residual defects. In the light of these conditions, explanations are given for HSRS attained in earlier studies on some oxide materials. It is also shown that HSRS can be intentionally attained in doped yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) and composites synthesized from ZrO
2, Al
2O
3 and MgO
2; the tensile ductility of these composites reached 300–2500% at a strain rate of 0.01–1.0
s
−1. The postdeformation microstructure indicates that some secondary phases may suppress cavitation damage and thereby enhance HSRS.
Blue mold of tomato caused by Penicillium oxalicum in Japan Umemoto, S.(Chiba-ken. Agriculture and Forestry Research Center (Japan)); Odake, Y; Takeuchi, T ...
Journal of general plant pathology : JGPP,
10/2009, Letnik:
75, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In 2006, stem rot and blue-green crusty lesions were found on the stems of tomato plants in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Penicillium oxalicum was isolated repeatedly from the diseased plants. The causal ...fungus reproduced natural symptoms after artificial inoculation of tomato plants and was re-isolated from symptomatic plant tissue. P. oxalicum is a new pathogen that causes blue mold on tomato plants in Japan.
This unique volume presents the scientific progress, state-of-art technology, and thrust areas to be focused in electrorheology (ER) and magentorheology (MR). In the last couple of years, this area ...produced significant impacts on automobile industry, bridge and building construction, aerospace industry, and defense industry. Recent innovation in this area lead to new technology, which has great impact on energy production and energy conservation. This book includes all papers presented at the 12th International Conference on ER Fluids and MR Suspensions, held in Philadelphia, USA, August 16 to 20, 2010, providing a comprehensive overview of this flourishing area. It is an essential source of reference for chemists, engineers, physicists, and materials scientists. It is also suitable for science and engineering students.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, ECOOP 2012, held in Beijing, China, in June 2012. The 27 revised full papers presented ...together with two keynote lectures were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 140 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on extensibility, language evaluation, ownership and initialisation, language features, special-purpose analyses, javascript, hardcore theory, modularity, updates and interference, general-purpose analyses.
S23142 and Acifluorfen-ethyl (AFE) inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) and induce accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) which is a strong phytotoxic photosensitizer. A S23142-resistant ...cell line, YZI-1 S, of photomixotrophically cultured tobacco was selected and its resistance mechanism was characterized. While growth rates of wild-type and YZI-1 S cells were similar in the absence of the herbicide, S23142 concentrations that reduced the chlorophyll contents by 50 % were 2 and 250 nM for wild-type and YZI-1 S cell lines, respectively. The YZI-1 S cells also exhibited resistance for other types of Protox inhibiting herbicides (acifluorfenethyl, acif luorf en, bif enox, oxadiazon, chlomethoxynil, nitrof en and chloronitrofen), but were sensitive to atrazine and DCMU, which inhibit photosynthetic electron transport. YZI-1S cells did not accumulate Proto IX, even at 100nM S23142 in which the wild-type cells accumulated large amounts of Proto IX. Protox isolated from YZI-1S cells showed a 2-fold higher activity than that of wild-type cells and also exhibited a 20-fold increase in tolerance to S23142. On the other hand, treatment with 1 mM 6-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a tetrapyrrole precursor, induced photobleaching by accumulation of Proto IX in both YZI-1 S and wild-type cells under high light irradiation. From these results, we conclude that the resistance of YZI-1S cells to S23142 is due mainly to the increase of Protox activity.
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