Since charge injection from metals into insulating polymers leads to electrical degradation and failure of various electrical devices, it is essential to clarify the band alignment at the ...metal/insulating polymer interface. However, the electronic structure at the metal/insulating polymer interface has not been studied experimentally. In this contribution, band alignments at the Au/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Au/polypropylene (PP) interfaces were determined by first-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The calculated electronic properties on the Au/PP interface are in agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the vacuum level shift at the interface is slight (below 0.3 eV). On the other hand, in the case of PTFE, even though the computed vacuum level shift for an ideal interface was small (−0.1 eV), the experimental results indicated that the vacuum level shift can be more than 1.7 eV. The results suggest that, in actual systems, the vacuum level shift may be caused by the impurities or defects at the interface. Our work has led us to conclude that the band alignment of the metal/polymer interface depends not only on the combination of material species but also on the way the contact is formed between them.
This paper reports on the composition and flow rate of outlet gas and current density during the reforming of CH4 with CO2 using three different electrochemical cells: cell A, with Ni−GDC (Gd-doped ...ceria: Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9) cathode/porous GDC electrolyte/Cu−GDC anode, cell B, with Cu−GDC cathode/ porous GDC electrolyte/Cu−GDC anode and cell C, with Ru−GDC cathode/ porous GDC electrolyte/ Cu−GDC anode. In the cathode, CO2 reacts with supplied electrons to form CO fuel and O2− ions (CO2+2e−→CO+O2−). Too low affinity of Cu cathode to CO2 in cell B reduced the reactivity of the CO2 with electrons. The CO fuel, O2− ions and CH4 gas were transported to the anode through the porous GDC mixed conductor of O2− ions and electrons. In the anode, CH4 reacts with O2− ions to produce CO and H2 fuels (CH4+O2−→2H2+CO+2e−). The reforming efficiency at 700−800°C was lowest in cell B and highest in cell A. The Cu anode in cells A and C worked well to oxidize CH4 with O2− ions (2Cu+O2−→Cu2O+2e−, Cu2O+CH4→2Cu+CO+2H2). However, a blockage of the outlet gas occurred in all the cells at 700−800°C. The gas flow is inhibited due to a reduction in pore size in the cermet cathode, as well as sintering and grain growth of Cu metal in the anode during the reforming.
An accurate quantitative analysis method including total iron had been proposed for the iron ore analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using fusion method and was accepted ...at ISO TC 102 meeting in 2010. The project has been proceeded in ISO TC 102/SC 2/WG54 as ISO/WD 9516-2 project. Number of covered elements is 19, and 14 elements among them including total iron are for referee analysis. The calibration discs are prepared only from reagents and the calibration equation includes coexisting component correction, overlap correction, flux/sample and oxidizer/sample mixing ratio corrections. The coexisting component correction method is based on the absorption/enhancement correction coefficients obtained by a FP (fundamental parameter) method so that LOI (loss on ignition) and GOI (gain on ignition) during fusion do not affect to analyzed results. In the verification experiments with 20 certified reference materials, the accuracy obtained by root mean square of the difference between certified values and analyzed values using proposed method was 0.14 mass%, which indicated analytical accuracy could be greatly improved compared with the existing method. For the other components, the values of accuracy obtained were almost same as the existing method. We are conducting final round-robin test in foreign laboratories and have a plan to set the method as an ISO standard.
Infections of the malleolar bursa, which is an adventitious bursa, rarely progress to intractable infectious bursitis. We present two cases of intractable malleolar bursitis. We performed successful ...transplantation of the lateral calcaneal artery adipofascial flap that resulted in healing of the bursitis. We discuss classification of bursae, treatments for bursitis and characteristics of the lateral calcaneal artery adipofascial flap.
Circumferential1999 The British Association of Plastic Surgeonsstenosis of the male anal canal was repaired using a subcutaneous prepuce flap. The stenosis was released to create a rhomboid defect. ...Then, to cover the defect a rectangular flap was designed on the hairless ventral side of the penis. The flap was raised over the Buck’s fascia while preserving the subcutaneous vessels in the dartos fascia, which formed the pedicle of the flap. The flap was transposed to the defect by passing it through a tunnel in the perineum. The postoperative course was uneventful and the result was good. The flap had reliable vascularity, was very thin, and pliable so that it could adapt to the rhomboid defect in the anal canal.
Since charge injection from metal into dielectrics leads to electrical degradation and failure of various electrical and power devices, it is essential to reveal the band alignment of the ...metal/dielectric interface. However, the band alignment of the metal/dielectric interface remains theoretically unexplored and has not been experimentally obtained. This study reveals the band alignment at the Pt/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) interface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and first-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Experiments reveal that the electron and hole injection barriers are 5.5 eV and 2.9 eV, respectively. The calculated results agree with the experimental results, indicating that the vacuum level shift at the interface is slight. Therefore, the band alignment at the Pt/PTFE interface is similar to that before contact.
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