An uneasy population increase requires expansion of the agricultural area. Egypt has a strategic direction in expanding agricultural areas, which highlights the objective of the research that is to ...assess soil fertility through its geographical assessment and remote sensing. The examination region of this investigation is situated in north region of west desert, about 55 km, west of Cairo, Egypt. A semi-detail survey was carried out using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for the study. The results found the high suitable areas (S
1
) for field crops; barley and wheat were about 54.7% for each of the total area, while for corn and beans were about 44.9% for each of the total area, while S
1
areas for vegetable crops; tomato, eggplant, and melon were 67.8, 71.2, and 53.2% of the total area, respectively, while S
2
for pepper–zucchini was about 65.4 and 49.7% of the total area, respectively. But for fruit trees, S
1
is for pears (60.3%), pomegranates (50.9%), and palms (80.2%) while S
2
for olives (30.3%), Figs. (30.3%), almonds (10.4%), vines (19.7%), and peaches (20.5%). To reduce water losses is by improving the means of delivery and raising the efficiency of irrigation, by evaluating the appropriate situation of the irrigation system for soil quality in the study area, and by choosing the appropriate methods of irrigation in the region to raise efficiency in rationalizing consumption and reducing losses. Drip and sprinkle irrigation suitability for the entire area are moderate to high, where soil texture factor is limiting drip irrigation method while wind speed and soil texture factors are limiting sprinkle irrigation in the area.
The study was carried out to establish soil map. Land evaluation was made according to MicroLEIS models. The study area is Naghamish valley, North Western coast of Egypt. The study indicated that the ...study area could be distinguished into seven landforms. Twenty-two soil profiles, spatially distributed upon Sentinel-2A satellite image classification to represent the landforms of wadi Naghamish's basin. They were morphologically described, their chemical and physical properties were determined, and their diagnostic characteristics were pointed. Results point out, in terms of topography, profile depth and soil texture, ten soil units could be identified. The study area could be distinguished into five sub great soil groups. Cervatana model reveals that 64.25% of soils are considered non-productive, 22.64% is moderately capable, whereas only 0.54% and 2.64% of the total area range from excellent to good capable land for agricultural production, respectively. The rest of the area occupying 9.94% is associated with urban settlement and escarpment landform units. At subclass level, there are S3l and S3r, referring to moderate capability with slight constraint severity and S3lr specifying those affected by severe soil constraints and erosion risk. Regarding soil suitability for some selected crops, the results of Almagra model indicated that the soils formed on the coastal plain vary from suitable to marginally suitable, in contradiction of soils formed on the wadi course, piedmont plain and tableland of plateau vary from marginally suitable to unsuitable in general for most tested crop as affected by limiting factors related to very shallow to shallow depth, high lime content, light soil texture and very poor to poor drainage.
•SEK research has been classified into horizontal, vertical, and mixed processes.•The majority of SEK research has focused on the horizontal approach.•Horizontal SEK research has been divided into 19 ...subsections.•Vertical SEK research has been divided into 11 subsections.•Mixed SEK research has been divided into 7 subsections.
Since the early 1990s, soil electrokinetic remediation (SEKR) has been exploited for removing organic, inorganic, and radioactive material from contaminated soil. However, the application of SEKR has been met with multiple obstacles; thus, trials have been introduced to overcome these limitations. The present study provides a comprehensive review of various modifications applied to SEKR process designs. We classified the SEKR designs in horizontal, vertical, and mixed (horizontal and vertical) types as per the movement of contaminants. SEKR is conducted via four mechanisms, namely electromigration, electroosmosis, diffusion, and electrophoresis, when a direct current electrical field is applied among two electrodes to achieve contaminant movement from one location to another. During SEKR operation, the removal rate can be adversely affected by factors such as the formation of a pH jumping zone, very high (low) pH around the cathode (anode), polarization, and reduced current efficiency with increase in time. Accordingly, in a previous research, the regular design of SEKR has been modified to address these and other limitations. Moreover, soil electrokinetic (SEK) has been used for other applications such as land restoration, geophysics, dewatering, and consolidation. This review primarily aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the major design modification made to SEK processes in the past 28 years, (1993–2020) to facilitate research on the major aspects of SEK. As per our extensive literature survey, most relevant studies focused on the horizontal SEK design. This study discusses relevant SEK studies in which process design modification is considered.
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•SEKR intensification process has been divided to six categories.•During 2017–2020, SEKR studies focused on inorganic and organic contaminants remediation.•During 2017–2020, few SEKR studies have ...focused on solidification and soil improvement.•SEKR is a proven suitable approach for low permeable soil remediation.
This review is a follow-up to our previous review titled “comprehensive review of progress made in soil electrokinetic research during 1993–2020, Part I: process design modifications with brief summaries of main output”. In this review, we have summarized the material additives that are utilized for the enhancement of soil electrokinetic remediation (SEKR) efficiency within the last four years (2017–2020). This review has been divided into six subjects according to determined SEKR categories including removal of inorganic contaminants, removal of organic contaminants, SEKR enhancement using permeable reactive barrier (PRB), SEKR for solidification and soil improvement, SEKR enhancement using an oxidation process, and SEKR enhancement using bioremediation and phytoremediation. Various enhancement materials have been added to improve the primary endeavors of SEKR and the summaries of the output were included in this review. In the SEKR experiments in which inorganic and organic contaminants were removed, the process was evaluated based on the process driving mechanism, particularly electromigration and electro-osmosis. Once the performance of SEKR was inefficient, the SEKR processing was integrated with PRB, oxidation, and bioremediation for significant improvements in SEKR performance. Therefore, the primary aim of our review is to provide a comparison of material additives for the SEKR removal intensification process from 2017 to 2020 to provide a review of the past materials that improved the SEKR performances and to simplify future innovation. During 2017–2020, SEKR studies focused on inorganic and organic contaminants remediation, whereas, few SEKR studies have focused on solidification and soil improvement. The SEKR has been utilized for dewatering, but in this case, the materials added were limited. The insufficient of relevant information on this subject was our primary motivation to write this review.
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