A synthetic double sampling (SDS) chart is commonly evaluated based on the assumption that process parameters (namely, mean and standard deviation) are known. However, the process parameters are ...usually unknown and must be estimated from an in-control Phase-I dataset. This will lead to deterioration in the performance of a control chart. The average run length (ARL) has been implemented as the common performance measure in process monitoring of the SDS chart. Computation of ARL requires practitioners to determine shift size in advance. However, this requirement is too restricted as practitioners may not have the experience to specify the shift size in advance. Thus, the expected average run length (EARL) is introduced to assess the performance of the SDS chart when the shift size is random. In this paper, the SDS chart, with known and estimated process parameters, was evaluated based on EARL and compared with the performance measure, ARL.
Gait analysis is an essential tool for detecting biomechanical irregularities, designing personalized rehabilitation plans, and enhancing athletic performance. Currently, gait assessment depends on ...either visual observation, which lacks consistency between raters and requires clinical expertise, or instrumented evaluation, which is costly, invasive, time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and trained personnel. Markerless gait analysis using 2D pose estimation techniques has emerged as a potential solution, but it still requires significant computational resources and human involvement, making it challenging to use. This research proposes an automated method for temporal gait analysis that employs the MediaPipe Pose, a low-computational-resource pose estimation model. The study validated this approach against the Vicon motion capture system to evaluate its reliability. The findings reveal that this approach demonstrates good (ICC
> 0.75) to excellent (ICC
> 0.90) agreement in all temporal gait parameters except for double support time (right leg switched to left leg) and swing time (right), which only exhibit a moderate (ICC
> 0.50) agreement. Additionally, this approach produces temporal gait parameters with low mean absolute error. It will be useful in monitoring changes in gait and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions such as rehabilitation or training programs in the community.
The side sensitive group runs (SSGR) chart is better than both the Shewhart and synthetic charts in detecting small and moderate process mean shifts. In practical circumstances, the process ...parameters are seldom known, so it is necessary to estimate them from in-control Phase-I samples. Research has discovered that a large number of in-control Phase-I samples are needed for the SSGR chart with estimated process parameters to behave similarly to a chart with known process parameters. The common metric to evaluate the performance of the control chart is average run length (ARL). An assumption for the computation of the ARL is that the shift size is assumed to be known. In reality however, the practitioners may not know the following shift size in advance. In light of this, the expected average run length (EARL) will be considered to measure the performance of the SSGR chart. Moreover, the standard deviation of the ARL (SDARL) will be studied, which is used to quantify the between-practitioner variability in the SSGR chart with estimated process parameters. This paper proposes the optimal design of the estimated process parameters SSGR chart based on the EARL criterion. The application of the optimal SSGR chart with estimated process parameters is demonstrated with actual data taken from a manufacturing company.
This study aims to investigate the burnout levels of the educators with respect to gender, teaching experience, and educational level. The subjects of the study are 31 educators. A survey design ...using a questionnaire was utilized to collect data within three burnout dimensions, i.e., emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and reduced personal accomplishment (PA). The study has found that the educators are emotionally exhausted and experience reduced personal accomplishment levels with high levels of depersonalization. Both genders regardless of years of experience with Bachelor, Master, and PhD degrees demonstrated high levels of emotional exhaustion. The educators who are troubled by depersonalization are mainly Bachelor degree holders with less than 5 years of experience. This indicates that these educators have negative attitudes towards the people they are working with including students and parents. This may be attributed to their lack of working experience. Nevertheless, female educators with Master degrees and 6 to 10 years of experience are highly affected by reduced personal accomplishment levels. The lack of fulfillment felt by these educators can lead to weak performance in class. The findings from this study are essential to give an overview on the burnout levels among educators and identify alternative solutions to overcome this situation. In addition, school authorities and administrators can take these factors into account when making recruitment decisions.
A side‐sensitive modified group runs (SSMGR)
X¯ chart is commonly examined under the assumption of known process parameters (denoted as Case‐K). However, in practical situations, the process ...parameters are seldom known, and it is essential to estimate them from in‐control (IC) phase I samples. From the study of the minimum amount of phase I samples, m that is required by the SSMGR
X¯ chart when the process parameters are estimated (represented as Case‐U), to achieve practically the same performance as that of the Case‐K, it was found that a huge number of IC phase I samples are needed. Due to time and cost factors, accumulating a substantial amount of IC phase I samples is difficult. To circumvent this problem, we study the optimal designs of the Case‐U SSMGR
X¯ chart, based on both the zero and steady states' average number of observations to signal (ANOS) and expected ANOS (EANOS). Tables containing optimal charting parameters are provided to ease the implementation of the Case‐U SSMGR
X¯ chart. By using these optimal parameters specifically designed for the Case‐U SSMGR
X¯ chart, we can obtain similar zero and steady states' ANOS and EANOS performances to that of the Case‐K. The use of the optimal Case‐U SSMGR
X¯ chart is demonstrated with real data taken from a hard‐bake process in a manufacturing company.
In physical therapy, exercises improve range of motion, muscle strength, and flexibility, where motion-tracking devices record motion data during exercises to improve treatment outcomes. Cameras and ...inertial measurement units (IMUs) are the basis of these devices. However, issues such as occlusion, privacy, and illumination can restrict vision-based systems. In these circumstances, IMUs may be employed to focus on a patient’s progress quantitatively during their rehabilitation. In this study, a 3D rigid body that can substitute a human arm was developed, and a two-stage algorithm was designed, implemented, and validated to estimate the elbow joint angle of that rigid body using three IMUs and incorporating the Madgwick filter to fuse multiple sensor data. Two electro-goniometers (EGs) were linked to the rigid body to verify the accuracy of the joint angle measuring algorithm. Additionally, the algorithm’s stability was confirmed even in the presence of external acceleration. Multiple trials using the proposed algorithm estimated the elbow joint angle of the rigid body with a maximum RMSE of 0.46°. Using the IMU manufacturer’s (WitMotion) algorithm (Kalman filter), the maximum RMSE was 1.97°. For the fourth trial, joint angles were also calculated with external acceleration, and the RMSE was 0.996°. In all cases, the joint angles were within therapeutic limits.
Adolescence is a crucial stage between childhood and adulthood during which an individual learns new behaviours and practices including dietary patterns. This study aimed to examine the diet and oral ...health status among adolescents, and employed a structured questionnaire with three sections, namely, demographic, Adolescents' Food Habits Checklist (AFHC) and the Kayser-Jones Brief Oral Health Status Examination (BOHSE). The AFHC was formulated consisting of 23 items to collect information about dietary patterns with respect to food purchase, preparation and consumption habits. Meanwhile, the BOHSE contained nine items to evaluate the oral conditions of adolescents. The relationship between dietary pattern and oral health in adolescents was investigated. A total of 160 adolescents were randomly selected in this study. The data analysis was presented in the form of tables. This study adhered to the STROBE checklist's Guidelines for Systematic Reporting of Examination. According to the findings, food consumption dietary patterns among adolescents had the highest mean score (4.475). This demonstrates that adolescents practiced healthy food consumption. A significant positive correlation was found between food purchase, food preparation, food consumption and dietary patterns. Moreover, females had a slightly higher mean score than males, showing that females have a healthier diet status than males. This study can serve as points of reflection and recommendations on dietary patterns and oral health status.
Road traffic accidents have been recognised as a leading cause of death, and one of the prominent public health problems. The human factor, which is the driving behaviour in particular, is said to be ...the main cause. In line with this, the objective of this research is to present a data article on the response of driving behaviours among drivers. Driving behaviours have been classified into five dimensions, which are speeding, improper overtaking, mobile phone use while driving, tail-gating and disobeying traffic lights. A quantitative study was conducted with a sample size of 160 drivers consisting of residents in a suburban of Selangor, Malaysia. A stratified random sampling method was adopted to identify the respondents. Data analysis was presented in the form of descriptive statistics and tables. The findings show that the majority of respondents agreed that they have driving behaviours that involve improper overtaking, tail-gating and disobeying traffic lights.
PDF
