As an important forest type, deciduous broad-leaved forest is crucial for estimating forest carbon sequestration capacity and evaluating forest carbon balance. This study focuses on the natural ...deciduous broad-leaved forest of Mazongling Nature Reserve in Jinzhai County of China. WorldView-2 images were selected as data source. 36 candidate factors including vegetation indices, texture features, and topographic factors were used for modelling. Three machine learning algorithms (i.e., random forest, k-nearest neighbor, and artificial neural network) were used to establish the optimal quantitative retrieval model for natural deciduous broad-leaved biomass. Results showed that the ANN model was the best predictor with R
2
= 0.69 and RMSE = 31.53 (Mg·ha
−1
). Combining the ANN model with the complete spatial coverage of remote sensing data, we developed a distribution map of natural deciduous broad-leaved biomass in the Mazongling forest farm. The estimated average biomass of the study area was 90.34 ± 47.96 Mg·ha
−1
. In addition, the influence of light saturation on model accuracy is also discussed. This study confirms that remote sensing data in temporal and spatial space can improve the model estimation accuracy.
Forest is the largest vegetation carbon pool in the global terrestrial ecosystem. The spatial distribution and change of forest biomass are of importance to reveal the surface spatial variation and ...driving factors, to analyze and evaluate forest productivity, and to evaluate ecological function of forest. In this study, broad-leaved forests located in a typical state nature reserve in northern subtropics were selected as the study area. Based on ground survey data and high-resolution remote sensing images, three machine learning models were used to identify the best remote sensing quantitative inversion model of forest biomass. The biomass of broad-leaved forest with 30-m resolution in the study area from 1998 to 2016 was estimated by using the best model about every two years. With the estimated biomass, multiple leading factors to cause biomass temporal change were then identified from dozens of remote sensing factors by investigating their nonlinear correlations. Our results showed that the artificial neural network (ANN) model was the best (R2 = 0.8742) among the three, and its accuracy was also much higher than that of the traditional linear or nonlinear models. The mean biomass of the broad-leaved forest in the study area from 1998 to 2016 ranged from 90 to 145 Mg ha−1, showing an obvious temporal variation. Instead of biomass, biomass change (BC) was studied further in this research. Significant correlations were found between BC in broad-leaved forest and three climate factors, including average daily maximum surface temperature, maximum precipitation, and maximum mean temperature. It was also found that BC has a strong correlation with the biomass at the previous time (i.e., two years ago). Those quantitative correlations were used to construct a linear model of BC with high accuracy (R2 = 0.8873), providing a new way to estimate the biomass change of two years later based on the observations of current biomass and the three climate factors.
Incidental scene text spotting is considered one of the most difficult and valuable challenges in the document analysis community. Most existing methods treat text detection and recognition as ...separate tasks. In this work, we propose a unified end-to-end trainable Fast Oriented Text Spotting (FOTS) network for simultaneous detection and recognition, sharing computation and visual information among the two complementary tasks. Specifically, RoIRotate is introduced to share convolutional features between detection and recognition. Benefiting from convolution sharing strategy, our FOTS has little computation overhead compared to baseline text detection network, and the joint training method makes our method perform better than these two-stage methods. Experiments on ICDAR 2015, ICDAR 2017 MLT, and ICDAR 2013 datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods significantly, which further allows us to develop the first real-time oriented text spotting system which surpasses all previous state-of-the-art results by more than 5% on ICDAR 2015 text spotting task while keeping 22.6 fps.
1,4-Pentadien-3-one derivatives derived from curcumin possess excellent inhibitory activity against plant viruses. On the basis of this finding, a series of novel 1,4-pentadien-3-one derivatives ...containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety were designed and synthesized, and their structures confirmed by IR, ¹H-NMR, and
C-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The antiviral activities of the title compounds were evaluated against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in vivo. The assay results showed that most of compounds had remarkable antiviral activities against TMV and CMV, among which compounds
,
,
,
,
, and
exhibited good curative, protection, and inactivation activity against TMV. Compounds
,
,
,
,
, and
exhibited excellent protection activity against TMV, with EC
values of 105.01, 254.77, 135.38, 297.40, 248.18, and 129.87 μg/mL, respectively, which were superior to that of ribavirin (457.25 µg/mL). In addition, preliminary SARs indicated that small electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring were favorable for anti-TMV activity. This finding suggests that 1,4-pentadien-3-one derivatives containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety may be considered as potential lead structures for discovering new antiviral agents.
Nanochannel typically serves as a passageway of ionic current, which can offer a rapid and highly sensitive output for biochemical sensing. Solid-state nanopores/channels, by virtue of their superior ...mechanical and chemical stability, well-adjustable structure, and easily tailorable surface properties, draw great attention in practical nanochannel-based sensor devices. Particularly, when functioned by diverse probes, solid-state nanochannel-based sensors present specific recognition for multiple target, including ion, small molecule, nucleic acid, protein and so on. In view of this, we summarize the recent advances in the solid-state nanochannel-based biochemical sensors, classified by targets including ions, small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. The sensing principles are firstly introduced. Then, the discussion mainly focusses on the different strategies to achieve target detection according to the interaction between targets and functional probes. In the end, some critical challenges about the future development of the functional solid-state nanochannel-based biochemical sensors are briefly proposed.
•Solid-state nanopores/channels offer a rapid and sensitive ionic signal for biochemical sensing.•Nanopores/channels functionalized by probes present specific recognition for multiple targets.•Strategies of functional nanopores/channels divide into covalent and noncovalent recognitions.•Current analytes in nanochannels/pores includes ion, small molecule, protein, nucleic acid.
•The large-aspect-ratio 1D NaNbO3 nanowires are prepared via a simple hydrothermal method method.•Nanocomposite films filled with 3 vol% NN@SiO2 NWs show a large discharged energy density of ...12.1 J cm−3 at 430 MV m−1, which is ≈ 243% over the bare PVDF (4.98 J cm−3 at 350 MV m−1) and ≈1008% greater than biaxially oriented polypropylenes (BOPP) (≈1.2 J cm−3 at 640 MV m−1).•Finite element simulation confirms the superiority of the 1D core-shell structured NN@SiO2 NWs in improving the energy density of the nanocomposite films.
Design an architecture with the ability to improve breakdown strength has critical role to play for performance enhancement in energy storage capability. In this work, we report that the composite films with loaded with one dimension (1D) core-shell structured NaNbO3@SiO2 nanowires (NN@SiO2 NWs) are prepared and achieved significantly performance improvement in energy storage capability. The finite element simulation and experiment results both confirm the superiority of the 1D core-shell structured NN@SiO2 NWs in improving the energy density of the nanocomposite films. Especially, the nanocomposite films filled with 3 vol% NN@SiO2 NWs show a large discharged energy density of 12.1 J cm−3, which is ≈ 243% over the bare PVDF (4.98 J cm−3) and ≈ 1008% greater than biaxially oriented polypropylenes (BOPP) (≈ 1.2 J cm−3 at 640 MV m−1). Therefore, this nanocomposite film can be considered as potential high-performance dielectric materials for next-generation pulsed power capacitor applications.
•Feather-like nanostructures can be obtained by doping Cd2+ in CuO nanosheets.•Cd-doped CuO has much higher absorption in UV region.•Cd2+ doping can lead to a remarkable improvement in photocatalytic ...activity.
Feather-like Cd-doped CuO nanostructures were fabricated by a one-step hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated that Cd2+ entered the crystal lattice of CuO and substituted Cu2+ without destroying crystal structures to form feather-like CuO nanostructures. The optical property of Cd-doped CuO was investigated by using UV–vis spectrophotometer. A slight blue-shift of optical band gap was observed because of quantum confinement effect. The doped samples exhibited obviously higher absorbance in UV light region and better photocatalytic activity for the photodegradation of methyl blue than the pure CuO nanosheets.
Liquid lubricant of low affinity makes slippery coatings widely used in lubricating, anti‐biofouling, anti‐icing, fluid guiding, and drag reduction. Two critical challenges, however, remain in the ...practical application of slippery coatings consisting of liquid lubricants: (1) universality regardless of roughness and chemical composition of substrates, (2) stability of surface lubricity against evaporation. Herein, a chemical method is reported to create a universal and stable slippery lubricant‐adhesive cooperated coating (SLACC) through acid catalyzed dehydration reaction between the phenolic hydroxyl of polydopamine (PDA), with universal (for challenge‐1) and strong (for challenge‐2) adhesion properties, and liquid‐like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with lubricant properties. Through overlying PDMS on PDA, a spatial gradient interpenetration of chemical combined PDA and PDMS leaving lubricant PDMS at the outermost of coating is achieved. This structure contributes to the following performances of SLACC: nearly universality suitable for 100 different abiotic or biotic substrates and stability sustainable for long‐term usages, UV radiating, refrigerating, hot air drying, freeze drying, knife scratch and abrasion. This proposed strategy is envisioned anti‐fouling from plane to tube and exhibits drag reduction in confined space.
Spatial distribution, as gradual increase of adhesion proportion from the outermost to the substrate leaving high proportion of lubricant overspreading the outermost, endows a slippery coating with a universal (adapting for 100 substrates), stable (bearing long‐term usage, heating, vacuum, and abrasion), and anti‐fouling (against nanoparticles, chlorella, cells, ants, and snails) properties.
The beneficial role of immunotherapy and the clinical relevance of current biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain inconclusive; thus, appropriate strategies and reliable predictors ...need further definition.
To evaluate the association of clinical outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccines, and cellular immunotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC and to explore appropriate strategies, candidates, and predictors.
The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from inception to June 2018, using relevant search keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, including tumor vaccine, cellular immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitor, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, programmed death-ligand 1, programmed death receptor 1, and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, references, and conference proceedings were manually searched.
English-language randomized clinical trials with available data that measured overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), or objective response rate comparing immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccines, or cellular immunotherapy with conventional therapy for patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC were included. Thirty-one immunotherapy randomized clinical trials were included, and multicohort data included next-generation sequencing data from patients with advanced NCSLC.
Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were pooled to estimate the survival increases in OS and PFS. Dichotomous data, such as object response rate data, were analyzed using the risk ratio. Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model was used. I2 was used to assess the heterogeneity between trials; an I2 value exceeding 50% indicated the existence of substantial heterogeneity. Analyses took place from February 1, 2018, to August 31, 2018.
Primary outcomes were OS and PFS.
In total, 14 395 patients (9500 66.0% men) were included in the meta-analysis, and 1833 patients (mean SD, 65.2 9.9 years; 1063 58.0% men) were included in the individual patient-level study. Compared with conventional therapy, immunotherapy was associated with significantly longer OS (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.71-0.82; P < .001) and PFS (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70-0.83; P < .001). The best checkpoint blockade strategy was first-line pembrolizumab with platinum-based chemotherapy. The combined predictive utility of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB) was associated with predictive prognosis (whole-exome sequencing: 1-year PFS area under the receiver operating characteristic curve AUC, 0.829; 3-year PFS AUC, 0.839; targeted next-generation sequencing: 1-year PFS AUC, 0.826; 3-year PFS AUC, 0.948). Moreover, the addition of CD8+ T-cell tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was associated with improved prognosis predictions for OS (3-year OS AUC, 0.659; 5-year OS AUC, 0.665). RYR1 or MGAM mutations were significantly associated with concomitantly increased durable clinical benefits (RYR1: durable clinical benefit DCB, 12 of 51 patients 24%; no durable benefit NDB, 2 of 55 patients 4%; P < .001; MGAM: DCB, 12 of 51 patients 24%; NDB, 0 patients; P < .001), a higher TMB (RYRI: high TMB, 12 of 53 patients 23%; low TMB, 2 of 53 patients 38%; P < .001; MGAM: high TMB, 9 of 53 patients 17%; low TMB, 0 patients; P < .001), and higher PD-L1 expression (RYRI: high PD-L1 expression, 8 of 30 patients 27%; low PD-L1 expression, 6 of 85 7.1%; P < .001; MGAM: high PD-L1 expression, 6 of 30 patients 20%; low PD-L1 expression, 5 of 85 patients 6%; P < .001).
Immunotherapies showed promising clinical outcomes for patients with NSCLC. Pembrolizumab with platinum-based chemotherapy was found to be the most appropriate first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor regimen for advanced NSCLC, and the combined use of PD-L1 expression and TMB was found to be a promising biomarker to evaluate patients' survival and response to precision immunotherapy. The further combination of CD8+ T-cell tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, PD-L1 expression, and TMB was associated with reliable prognosis. The predictive value of that combination needs to be prospectively validated in large-scale studies.
With the large-scale grid connection of wind and photovoltaic power, the contradiction between renewable energy and thermal power is becoming more and more serious. To solve this problem, this paper ...comprehensively considers the construction and operation costs of power plants, and constructs an optimal generation expansion planning model of a combined thermal–wind–photovoltaic power system with the objective of minimizing total cost. The planning is calculated under the boundary conditions of ensuring the safe operation of the power grid and taking into account the share requirement, utilization requirements and construction requirements for renewable energy. The model is applied to the self-use and supporting power plants in Xinjiang. The results show that the proposed generation expansion plan can realize the coordinated development of three types of power sources under multiple boundary conditions, which has good applicability.
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