Background
Diet and exercise during pregnancy have been used to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with some success.
Objective
To examine the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention on GDM ...prevention and to identify key effectiveness moderators to improve the prevention strategy.
Search strategy
Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, and cross‐references were searched.
Selection criteria
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating lifestyle interventions during pregnancy for GDM prevention.
Data collection and analysis
Two independent reviewers extracted data. A random‐effects model was used to analyse the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Meta‐regressions and subgroup analyses were used to investigate important moderators of effectiveness.
Main results
Forty‐seven RCTs involving 15 745 participants showed that diet and exercise during pregnancy were preventive of GDM (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69–0.87). Four key aspects were identified to improve the preventive effect: targeting the high‐risk population; an early initiation of the intervention; the correct intensity and frequency of exercise; and gestational weight gain management. Although 24 RCTs targeted women who were overweight or obese, body mass index (BMI) failed to predict the effectiveness of an intervention. Instead, interventions are most effective in high‐incidence populations rather than simply in women who are overweight or obese. Furthermore, exercise of moderate intensity for 50–60 minutes twice a week could lead to an approximately 24% reduction in GDM.
Conclusion
The best strategy to prevent GDM is to target the high‐risk population predicted by risk evaluation models and to control the gestational weight gain of women through intensified diet and exercise modifications early in their pregnancy.
Tweetable
Four key effectiveness moderators of lifestyle interventions for GDM prevention.
Tweetable
Four key effectiveness moderators of lifestyle interventions for GDM prevention.
Magnesium is essential for cellular life, but how it is homeostatically controlled still remains poorly understood. Here, we report that members of CNNM family, which have been controversially ...implicated in both cellular Mg2+ influx and efflux, selectively bind to the TRPM7 channel to stimulate divalent cation entry into cells. Coexpression of CNNMs with the channel markedly increased uptake of divalent cations, which is prevented by an inactivating mutation to the channel's pore. Knockout (KO) of TRPM7 in cells or application of the TRPM7 channel inhibitor NS8593 also interfered with CNNM-stimulated divalent cation uptake. Conversely, KO of CNNM3 and CNNM4 in HEK-293 cells significantly reduced TRPM7-mediated divalent cation entry, without affecting TRPM7 protein expression or its cell surface levels. Furthermore, we found that cellular overexpression of phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs), known CNNMs binding partners, stimulated TRPM7-dependent divalent cation entry and that CNNMs were required for this activity. Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that deletion of CNNM3 and CNNM4 from HEK-293 cells interfered with heterologously expressed and native TRPM7 channel function. We conclude that CNNMs employ the TRPM7 channel to mediate divalent cation influx and that CNNMs also possess separate TRPM7-independent Mg2+ efflux activities that contribute to CNNMs' control of cellular Mg2+ homeostasis.
Though immensely successful, the standard model of particle physics does not offer any explanation as to why our Universe contains so much more matter than antimatter. A key to a dynamically ...generated matter-antimatter asymmetry is the existence of processes that violate the combined charge conjugation and parity (CP) symmetry
. As such, precision tests of CP symmetry may be used to search for physics beyond the standard model. However, hadrons decay through an interplay of strong and weak processes, quantified in terms of relative phases between the amplitudes. Although previous experiments constructed CP observables that depend on both strong and weak phases, we present an approach where sequential two-body decays of entangled multi-strange baryon-antibaryon pairs provide a separation between these phases. Our method, exploiting spin entanglement between the double-strange Ξ
baryon and its antiparticle
Formula: see text, has enabled a direct determination of the weak-phase difference, (ξ
- ξ
) = (1.2 ± 3.4 ± 0.8) × 10
rad. Furthermore, three independent CP observables can be constructed from our measured parameters. The precision in the estimated parameters for a given data sample size is several orders of magnitude greater than achieved with previous methods
. Finally, we provide an independent measurement of the recently debated Λ decay parameter α
(refs.
). The Formula: see text asymmetry is in agreement with and compatible in precision to the most precise previous measurement
.
Objective
To assess the efficacy of metformin in megestrol acetate (MA)‐based fertility‐sparing treatment for patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) and endometrioid endometrial cancer ...(EEC).
Design
A randomised, single‐centre, open‐label, controlled trial conducted between October 2013 and December 2017.
Setting
Shanghai OBGYN Hospital of Fudan University, China.
Population
A total of 150 patients (18–45 years old) with primary AEH or well‐differentiated EEC were randomised into an MA group (n = 74) and an MA plus metformin group (n = 76).
Methods
Patients with AEH or EEC were firstly stratified, then randomised to receive MA (160 mg orally, daily) or MA (160 mg orally, daily) plus metformin (500 mg orally, three times a day).
Main outcomes and measures
The primary efficacy parameter was the cumulate complete response (CR) rate within 16 weeks of treatment (16w‐CR rate); the secondary efficacy parameters were 30w‐CR rate and adverse events.
Results
The 16w‐CR rate was higher in the metformin plus MA group than in the MA‐only group (34.3 versus 20.7%, odds ratio OR 2.0, 95% confidence interval CI 0.89–4.51, P = 0.09) but the difference was more significant in 102 AEH patients (39.6 versus 20.4%, OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.06–6.21, P = 0.04). This effect of metformin was also significant in non‐obese (51.4 versus 24.3%, OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.22–8.84, P = 0.02) and insulin‐sensitive (54.8 versus 28.6%, OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.03–8.97, P = 0.04) subgroups of AEH women. No significant result was found in secondary endpoints.
Conclusion
As a fertility‐sparing treatment, metformin plus MA was associated with a higher early CR rate compared with MA alone in AEH patients.
Tweetable
For AEH patients, metformin plus MA might be a better fertility‐sparing treatment to achieve a higher early CR rate compared with MA alone.
Tweetable
For AEH patients, metformin plus MA might be a better fertility‐sparing treatment to achieve higher early CR rate compared with MA alone.
Summary
Situational factors might help explain why most vertebral fractures occur in older people without a previous osteoporosis diagnosis. After adjusting for predisposing risk factors, the ...activity before the fall, type of fall, and falling direction remained as strong determinants of fall-related vertebral fractures in older men and women.
Introduction
A matched case-control study was conducted to investigate the effects of situational factors, in addition to predisposing factors, on clinical vertebral fractures in older men and women in Taiwan.
Methods
Cases were community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 65 years who visited emergency departments (EDs) of two university-affiliated hospitals due to a fall and had a primary diagnosis of a vertebral fracture during a 1-year period in 2017. Five control patients per case, matched by the time of falling, gender, and age, who sought care in the same ED due to a fall resulting in a soft tissue injury were selected. A total of 64 men (age range: 65 ~ 99 years) and 194 women (age range: 65 ~ 100 years), diagnosed with a vertebral fracture, participated in the study.
Results
Multivariable logistic models were conducted separately for men and women. Results suggested that the following factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of vertebral fractures in men: a low educational level (adjusted odds ratio OR = 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02 ~ 3.71), asthma (OR = 2.96; 95% CI, 1.35 ~ 6.92), depression (OR = 4.31; 95% CI, 1.03 ~ 17.5), toileting (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.04 ~ 4.94), slipping (OR = 5.27; 95% CI, 1.80 ~ 15.4), stepping down (OR = 3.99; 95% CI, 1.40 ~ 11.4), sudden leg weakness (OR = 3.73; 95% CI, 1.13 ~ 12.4), and falling backwards (OR = 3.78; 95% CI, 1.83 ~ 7.80); and in women: a fracture history (OR = 2.00; 95% CI, 1.07 ~ 3.76), osteoporosis (OR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.15 ~ 3.49), getting in/out of the bed/chair (OR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.07 ~ 3.39), stepping down (OR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.17 ~ 3.77), and falling backwards (OR = 4.00; 95% CI, 2.39 ~ 6.68) and sideways (OR = 2.61; 95% CI, 1.38 ~ 4.96).
Conclusions
The combination of predisposing and situational risk factors may display a more comprehensive risk profile for the occurrence of VFs, and thus, interventions that add both types of risk factors may result in greater risk reduction of VFs, although those specifically targeted at situational risk factors during falls are limited and their effectiveness and efficiency remained to be explored.
For the first time, quantitative measurements of ion stopping at energies around the Bragg peak (or peak ion stopping, which occurs at an ion velocity comparable to the average thermal electron ...velocity), and its dependence on electron temperature (T(e)) and electron number density (n(e)) in the range of 0.5-4.0 keV and 3×10(22) to 3×10(23) cm(-3) have been conducted, respectively. It is experimentally demonstrated that the position and amplitude of the Bragg peak varies strongly with T(e) with n(e). The importance of including quantum diffraction is also demonstrated in the stopping-power modeling of high-energy-density plasmas.
Mitophagy is a key process regulating mitochondrial quality control. Several mechanisms have been proposed to regulate mitophagy, but these have mostly been studied using stably expressed non‐native ...proteins in immortalized cell lines. In skeletal muscle, mitophagy and its molecular mechanisms require more thorough investigation. To measure mitophagy directly, we generated a stable skeletal muscle C2C12 cell line, expressing a mitophagy reporter construct (mCherry‐green fluorescence protein‐mtFIS1101-152). Here, we report that both carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) treatment and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by 991 promote mitochondrial fission via phosphorylation of MFF and induce mitophagy by ~20%. Upon CCCP treatment, but not 991, ubiquitin phosphorylation, a read‐out of PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (PINK1) activity, and Parkin E3 ligase activity toward CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 (CISD1) were increased. Although the PINK1‐Parkin signaling pathway is active in response to CCCP treatment, we observed no change in markers of mitochondrial protein content. Interestingly, our data shows that TANK‐binding kinase 1 (TBK1) phosphorylation is increased after both CCCP and 991 treatments, suggesting TBK1 activation to be independent of both PINK1 and Parkin. Finally, we confirmed in non‐muscle cell lines that TBK1 phosphorylation occurs in the absence of PINK1 and is regulated by AMPK‐dependent signaling. Thus, AMPK activation promotes mitophagy by enhancing mitochondrial fission (via MFF phosphorylation) and autophagosomal engulfment (via TBK1 activation) in a PINK1‐Parkin independent manner.
beta decay of proton-rich nuclei plays an important role in exploring isospin mixing. The beta decay of P-26 at the proton drip line is studied using double-sided silicon strip detectors operating in ...conjunction with high-purity germanium detectors. The T = 2 isobaric analog state (IAS) at 13 055 keV and two new high-lying states at 13 380 and 11 912 keV in Si-26 are unambiguously identified through beta-delayed two-proton emission (beta 2p). Angular correlations of two protons emitted from Si-26 excited states populated by P-26 beta decay are measured, which suggests that the two protons are emitted mainly sequentially. We report the first observation of a strongly isospin-mixed doublet that deexcites mainly via two-proton decay. The isospin mixing matrix element between the Si-26 IAS and the nearby 13 380-keV state is determined to be 130(21) keV, and this result represents the strongest mixing, highest excitation energy, and largest level spacing of a doublet ever observed in beta-decay experiments.
Observation of η ′ → π + π − μ + μ Achasov, M. N.; Adlarson, P.; Ahmed, S. ...
Physical review. D,
04/2021, Letnik:
103, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Using ( 1310.6 ± 7.0 ) × 106 J / ψ events acquired with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage rings, the decay η ′ → π+ π−μ+μ− is observed for the first time with a significance of 8 σ via the ...process J / ψ → γ η ′ . We measure the branching fraction of η ′ → π+ π−μ+μ− to be B ( η ′ → π+ π−μ+μ− ) = ( 1.97 ± 0.33 ( stat ) ± 0.19 ( syst ) ) × 10−5, where the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.
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