Lithium-rich layered oxide materials xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, etc.) have attracted much attention for the use of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries in recent years. ...However, there are many issues still unclear (the structure and reaction mechanism are ambiguous until now), and numerous scientific challenges (low initial Coulombic efficiency, poor rate capability, and voltage degradation during cycling) of these materials that must be overcome to realize their utilization in commercial lithium-ion batteries. This Perspective focuses on the challenges and prospects associated with the current researching results of these lithium-rich layered cathode materials. Specifically, their average/local structures, reaction mechanisms, and electrochemical properties are discussed.
Aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs) are regarded as viable alternatives to lithium‐ion technology because of their high volumetric capacity, their low cost, and the rich abundance of aluminum. However, ...several serious drawbacks of aqueous systems (passive film formation, hydrogen evolution, anode corrosion, etc.) hinder the large‐scale application of these systems. Thus, nonaqueous AIBs show incomparable advantages for progress in large‐scale electrical energy storage. However, nonaqueous aluminum battery systems are still nascent, and various technical and scientific obstacles to designing AIBs with high capacity and long cycling life have not been resolved until now. Moreover, the aluminum cell is a complex device whose energy density is determined by various parameters, most of which are often ignored, resulting in failure to achieve the maximum performance of the cell. The purpose here is to discuss how to further develop reliable nonaqueous AIBs. First, the current status of nonaqueous AIBs is reviewed based on statistical data from the literature. The influence of parameters on energy density is analyzed, and the current situation and existing problems are summarized. Furthermore, possible solutions and concerns regarding the construction of reliable nonaqueous AIBs are comprehensively discussed. Finally, future research directions and prospects in the aluminum battery field are proposed.
Nonaqueous aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs) are competitive alternatives for future large‐scale green energy‐storage systems. Based on statistical data from the literature, the state‐of‐the‐art of nonaqueous AIBs is elaborated from the perspectives of material research, cell engineering, and economical and ecological considerations. More importantly, possible solutions and insights regarding the construction of reliable nonaqueous AIBs are comprehensively discussed.
To boost the use of electronic devices and driving mileage of electric vehicles, it is urgent to develop lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density and longer life. High-voltage and ...high-capacity cathode materials, such as LiCoO2, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, Ni-rich layered oxides, and lithium-rich layered oxides, are critically important for LIBs to obtain high energy density. Among various forms of these materials, “single-crystal” cathodes (SCCs) have shown many advantages over other forms for industrial applications, including good crystallinity, high mechanical strength, high reaction homogeneity, small specific surface area, excellent structural stability, and high thermal stability, which can noticeably improve the cycling performance and safety of SCC-based batteries. Therefore, SCCs have received wide attention from academic to industrial communities and have been applied to the liquid-based and solid-state batteries in recent years. In this paper, the advantages, progress, and challenges of SCCs for high-voltage cathode materials are reviewed. Moreover, we summarize the efforts for improving the electrochemical performance of SCCs, intending to provide insights into the development of high-performance cathodes for practical LIBs.
In the Internet of Health Things (IoHT)-based e-Health paradigm, a large number of computational-intensive tasks have to be offloaded from resource-limited IoHT devices to proximal powerful edge ...servers to reduce latency and improve energy efficiency. However, the lack of global state information (GSI), the adversarial competition among multiple IoHT devices, and the ultra reliable and low latency communication (URLLC) constraints have imposed new challenges for task offloading optimization. In this article, we formulate the task offloading problem as an adversarial multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem. In addition to the average-based performance metrics, bound violation probability, occurrence probability of extreme events, and statistical properties of excess values are employed to characterize URLLC constraints. Then, we propose a URLLC-aware Task Offloading scheme based on the exponential-weight algorithm for exploration and exploitation (EXP3) named UTO-EXP3. URLLC awareness is achieved by dynamically balancing the URLLC constraint deficits and energy consumption through online learning. We provide a rigorous theoretical analysis to show that guaranteed performance with a bounded deviation can be achieved by UTO-EXP3 based on only local information. Finally, the effectiveness and reliability of UTO-EXP3 are validated through simulation results.
Chemoimmunotherapy is reported to activate a robust T cell antitumor immune response by triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD), which has initiated a number of clinical trials. However, current ...chemoimmunotherapy is restricted to a small fraction of patients due to low drug delivery efficacy and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. A tumor microenvironment‐activatable prodrug vesicle for cancer chemoimmunotherapy using ICD is herein reported. The prodrug vesicles are engineered by integrating an oxaliplatin (OXA) prodrug and PEGylated photosensitizer (PS) into a single nanoplatform, which show tumor‐specific accumulation, activation, and deep penetration in response to the tumoral acidic and enzymatic microenvironment. It is demonstrated that codelivery of OXA prodrug and PS can trigger ICD of the tumor cells by immunogenic cells killing. The combination of prodrug vesicle‐induced ICD with Î ± CD47‐mediated CD47 blockade further facilitates dendritic cell (DC) maturation, promotes antigen presentation by DCs, and eventually propagates the antitumor immunity of ICD. CD47 blockade and ICD induction efficiently inhibit the growth of both primary and abscopal tumors, suppress tumor metastasis, and prevent tumor recurrence. Collectively, these results imply that boosting antitumor immunity using ICD induction and suppressing tumor immune evasion via CD47 blockade might be promising for improved cancer chemoimmunotherapy.
A tumor microenvironment‐activatable prodrug vesicle is reported for chemoimmunotherapy. The prodrug vesicles are composed of an oxaliplatin prodrug and PEGylated photosensitizer, which show tumor‐specific accumulation, activation, and deep penetration. The prodrug vesicles trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) of the tumor cells. Combination of CD47 blockade and ICD induction efficiently inhibits tumor growth, distant metastasis, and recurrence.
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is promising for clinical treatment of various malignant tumors. However, checkpoint blockade immunotherapy suffers from a low response rate due to insufficient ...tumor immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). In this study, a tumor‐microenvironment‐activatable binary cooperative prodrug nanoparticle (BCPN) is rationally designed to improve immunotherapy by synergistically modulating the immune tumor microenvironment. BCPN is purely constructed from a tumor acidity and reduction dual‐responsive oxaliplatin (OXA) prodrug for triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) and eliciting antitumor immunity, and a reduction‐activatable homodimer of NLG919 for inactivating indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1, which is a key regulator for ITM. Upon tumor‐acidity‐triggered cleavage of the poly(ethylene glycol) shell, PN shows negative to positive charge switch for enhanced tumor accumulation and deep penetration. OXA and NLG919 are then activated in the tumor cells via glutathione‐mediated reduction. It is demonstrate that activated OXA promotes intratumoral accumulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by triggering ICD of cancer cells. Meanwhile, NLG919 downregulates IDO‐1‐mediated immunosuppression and suppresses regulatory T cells. Most importantly, PN shows much higher efficiency than free OXA or the combination of free OXA and NLG919 to regress tumor growth and prevent metastasis of mouse models of both breast and colorectal cancer.
A binary cooperative prodrug nanoparticle (BCPN) is presented for immunotherapy. BCPN is composed of a stimuli‐activatable dimer of NLG919 and prodrug of oxaliplatin. NLG919 reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by inhibiting the activity of IDO‐1 and suppressing the tumor infiltration of regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, oxaliplatin promotes intratumoral accumulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by triggering immunogenetic cell death.
A layered composite with P2 and O3 integration is proposed toward a sodium‐ion battery with high energy density and long cycle life. The integration of P2 and O3 structures in this layered oxide is ...clearly characterized by XRD refinement, SAED and HAADF and ABF‐STEM at atomic resolution. The biphase synergy in this layered P2+O3 composite is well established during the electrochemical reaction. This layered composite can deliver a high reversible capacity with the largest energy density of 640 mAh g−1, and it also presents good capacity retention over 150 times of sodium extraction and insertion.
A layered composite with P2 and O3 integration is proposed for a sodium‐ion battery with high energy density and long cycle life and characterized by XRD refinement, SAED and HAADF, and ABF‐STEM. This layered composite can deliver a high reversible capacity with the largest energy density of 640 mAh g−1, and it also presents good capacity retention over 150 times of sodium extraction and insertion.
All-solid-state sodium batteries are promising candidates for the next generation of energy storage with exceptional safety, reliability and stability. The solid electrolytes are key components for ...enabling all-solid-state sodium batteries with high electrochemical performances. This Review discusses the current developments on inorganic and organic sodium ions solid electrolytes, including β/β′′-alumina, NASICON, sulfides, polymers and others. In particular, the structures, ionic conductivities and fabrications as well as electrochemical/chemical stabilities of solid electrolytes are discussed. The effective approaches for forming intimate interfaces between solid electrolytes and electrodes are also reviewed. And perspectives on future developments in the field of solid electrolytes and possible directions to improve interfacial contacts for future practical applications of all-solid-state sodium batteries are included.
All-solid-state sodium batteries are the promising candidate for the next generation of large-scale energy storage with exceptional safety, reliability and stability. The solid electrolytes are the key components for enabling all-solid-state sodium batteries with high electrochemical performances. The current developments of solid electrolytes were reviewed in this article. In particular, the intrinsic properties of solid electrolytes and the effective approaches for forming intimate interfaces between solid electrolytes and electrodes are deeply discussed. Besides, several directions are also suggested for developing the solid electrolytes and improving the interfacial contacts for future practical applications of all-solid-state sodium batteries. Display omitted
•The overall picture and intrinsic properties about the solid electrolytes of all solid-state sodium batteries are reviewed.•The effective approaches for forming intimate interfaces between solid electrolytes and electrodes are emphasized.•Several possible directions for developing solid electrolytes and improving the interfacial contacts are suggested as well.
Vaccines to induce effective and sustained antitumor immunity have great potential for postoperative cancer therapy. However, a robust cancer vaccine simultaneously eliciting tumor-specific immunity ...and abolishing immune resistance continues to be a challenge. Here we present a personalized cancer vaccine (PVAX) for postsurgical immunotherapy. PVAX is developed by encapsulating JQ1 (a BRD4 inhibitor) and indocyanine green (ICG) co-loaded tumor cells with a hydrogel matrix. Activation of PVAX by 808 nm NIR laser irradiation significantly inhibits the tumor relapse by promoting the maturation of dendritic cells and eliciting tumor infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. A mechanical study reveals that NIR light-triggered antigen release and JQ1-mediated PD-L1 checkpoint blockade cumulatively contribute to the satisfied therapeutic effect. Furthermore, PVAX prepared from the autologous tumor cells induces patient-specific memory immune response to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. The PVAX model might provide novel insights for postoperative immunotherapy.
Cancer immunotherapies including cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade or chimeric antigen receptor T cells have been exploited as the attractive treatment modalities in recent years. Among ...these approaches, cancer vaccines that designed to deliver tumor antigens and adjuvants to activate the antigen presenting cells (APCs) and induce antitumor immune responses, have shown significant efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth, preventing tumor relapse and metastasis. Despite the potential of cancer vaccination strategies, the therapeutic outcomes in preclinical trials are failed to promote their clinical translation, which is in part due to their inefficient vaccination cascade of five critical steps: antigen identification, antigen encapsulation, antigen delivery, antigen release and antigen presentation to T cells. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that various nanobiomaterials hold great potential to enhance cancer vaccination cascade and improve their antitumor performance and reduce the off-target effect. We summarize the cutting-edge advances of nanobiomaterials-based vaccination immunotherapy of cancer in this review. The various cancer nanovaccines including antigen peptide/adjuvant-based nanovaccines, nucleic acid-based nanovaccines as well as biomimetic nanobiomaterials-based nanovaccines are discussed in detail. We also provide some challenges and perspectives associated with the clinical translation of cancer nanovaccines.
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Nanovaccines integrating advanced nanobiomaterials into vaccines to developing effective vaccination strategies has been exploited for cancer immunotherapy in past few years. In this review article, we summarized the cutting-edge advances of nanovaccination strategies for cancer immunotherapy. We discussed the challenges and provided perspectives regarding the clinical translation of nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy. More efforts should be devoted to exploit nanovaccines for eliciting immune response and combating immune tolerance.
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