► A dual effect of Cl
− on Acid Orange 7 degradation in Co/PMS systems was observed. ► High concentrations of Cl
− (>5
mM) did greatly inhibit dye mineralization. ► Some refractory chlorinated ...byproducts were identified by GC–MS measurement. ► Two possible (
SO
4
−
radical-based and non-radical) reaction pathways were proposed.
Sodium chloride is a common salt used during textile wet processes. Here a dual effect of chloride (i.e. inhibitory and accelerating effect) on azo dye (Acid Orange 7, AO7) degradation in an emerging cobalt/peroxymonosulfate (Co/PMS) advanced oxidation process (AOP) was reported. Compared to
OH-based AOPs, high concentrations of chloride (>5
mM) can significantly enhance dye decoloration independent of the presence of the Co
2+ catalyst, but did greatly inhibit dye mineralization to an extent which was closely dependent upon the chloride content. Both UV–vis absorbance spectra and AOX determination indicated the formation of some refractory byproducts. Some chlorinated aromatic compounds, including 3-chloroisocoumain, 2-chloro-7-hydroxynaphthalene, 1,3,5-trichloro-2-nitrobenzene and tetrachlorohydroquione, were identified by GC–MS measurement in both Co/PMS/Cl
− and PMS/Cl
− reaction systems. Based on those experimental results, two possible branched (
SO
4
−
radical-based and non-radical) reaction pathways are proposed. This is one of the very few studies dealing with chlorinated organic intermediates formed via chlorine radical/active chlorine species (HOCl/Cl
2) attack on dye compounds. Therefore, this finding may have significant technical implications for utilizing Co/PMS regent to detoxify chloride-rich azo dyes wastewater.
Orange II (Org II), one of the most common used azo dyes, was taken as a model to investigate the effects of chloride ion on dye decoloration in cobalt/peroxymonosulfate (Co/PMS) system. A ...significant decrease in the rate of Org II decoloration was observed upon addition of Cl⁻ (0.05–10mM), but further addition of Cl⁻ (>50mM) apparently accelerated dyes degradation. This dual effect of chloride on dyes bleaching was also observed as other halide ions (e.g. Br⁻, I⁻) or other azo dyes were present in Co/PMS system. In the Co-free PMS solutions, the observed first-order rate constant always exponentially increased with the chloride content. The reactive chlorine species generated from chloride oxidation by PMS should be responsible for this non-radical mechanism for dye decoloration, however, these rapid decoloration of Org II as chloride ion was present, did not readily lead to much mineralization. Therefore, this finding may have significant technical implications for utilizing Co/PMS regent to detoxify chloride-rich azo dyes wastewater.
Multifunctional coatings are in urgent demand in emerging fields. In this work, nanocomposite coatings with extraordinary self-cleaning, antiwear, and anticorrosion properties were prepared on ...aluminum substrate by a facile spraying technique. Core–shell structured polyaniline/functionalized carbon nanotubes (PANI/fCNTs) composite and nanosized silica were synergistically integrated into ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) matrix to construct lotus-leaf-like structures, and 1H,1H,2H,2H- perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS) was used to decrease the surface energy. The composite coating with 6 wt % PANI/fCNTs possesses superamphiphobic property, with contact angles of 167°, 163°, and 159° toward water, glycerol, and ethylene glycol, respectively. This coating demonstrates stable nonwetting performance over a wide temperature range (<400 °C), as well as outstanding self-cleaning ability to prevent contamination by sludge, concentrated H2SO4, and ethylene glycol. Superamphiphobic surface property could be maintained even after 45 000 times abrasion or bending test for 30 times. The coating displayed strong adhesive ability (grade 1 according to the GB/T9286) on the etched aluminum plate. The superamphiphobic surface could be retained after immersion in 1 mol/L HCl and 3.5 wt % NaCl solutions for 60 and 90 d, respectively. It should be noted that this coating reveals significantly improved anticorrosion performance as compared to the bare ETFE coating and ETFE composite coating without PANI/fCNTs. Such coatings with integrated functionalities offer promising self-cleaning and anticorrosion applications under erosive/abrasive environment.
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is the main predecessor of heart failure. Its pathology is sophisticated, and its progression is associated with multiple cellular processes. To explore new ...therapeutic approaches, more precise examination of cardiomyocyte subtypes and involved biological processes is required in response to hypertrophic stimuli. Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are two crucial organelles associated with the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and are connected through junctions known as mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs). Although MAM genes are altered in cardiac hypertrophy, the importance of MAMs in cardiac hypertrophy and the expression pattern of MAMs in certain cardiac cell types require a comprehensive analysis. In this study, we analyzed the temporal expression of MAM proteins in the process of cardiac hypertrophy and observed that MAM-related proteins preferentially accumulated in cardiomyocytes at the initial stage of cardiac hypertrophy and underwent a gradual decline, which was synchronized with the proportion of two cardiomyocyte subtypes (CM2 and CM3). Meanwhile, these subtypes went through a functional switch during cardiac hypertrophy. Trajectory analysis suggested that there was a differentiation trajectory of cardiomyocyte subtypes from high to low MAM protein expression. Distinct regulon modules across different cardiomyocyte cell types were revealed by transcriptional regulatory network analysis. Furthermore, scWGCNA revealed that MAM-related genes were clustered into a module that correlated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Altogether, we identified cardiomyocyte subtype transformation and the potential critical transcription factors involved, which may serve as therapeutic targets in combating cardiac hypertrophy.
To provide details of the burden and the trend of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors in adolescent and young adults.
Age-standardized rates (ASRs) of incidence, mortality and ...Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) were used to describe the burden of CVD in adolescents and young adults. Estimated Annual Percentage Changes (EAPCs) of ASRs were used to describe the trend from 1990 to 2019. Risk factors were calculated by Population Attributable Fractions (PAFs).
In 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) of CVD were 129.85 per 100 000 (95% Confidence interval (CI): 102.60, 160.31), 15.12 per 100 000 (95% CI: 13.89, 16.48) and 990.64 per 100 000 (95% CI: 911.06, 1076.46). The highest ASRs were seen in low sociodemographic index (SDI) and low-middle SDI regions. The burden was heavier in male and individuals aged 35-39. From 1990 to 2019, 72 (35.29%) countries showed an increasing trend of ASIR and more than 80% countries showed a downward trend in ASMR and ASDR. Rheumatic heart disease had the highest ASIR and Ischemic Heart Disease was the highest in both ASMR and ASDR. The main attributable risk factor for death and DALYs were high systolic blood pressure, high body-mass index and high LDL cholesterol.
The burden of CVD in adolescent and young adults is a significant global health challenge. It is crucial to take into account the disparities in SDI levels among countries, gender and age characteristics of the population, primary types of CVD, and the attributable risk factors when formulating and implementing prevention strategies.
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•Concentration profiles of chlorine radicals in UV/S2O82− system were modelled.•pH is a critical variable influencing chlorine radical chemistry in dye degradation.•Several refractory ...chlorinated byproducts were identified by GC–MS measurement.•Possible reaction pathways involving sulfate radical/chlorine radicals were proposed.
The effect of Cl− on the oxidative degradation of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) was investigated in UV/S2O82− system to elucidate the chlorination pathways in saline wastewaters. Lower amount of Cl− as well as Br− enhanced the decoloration of AO7, but such promotion effect reduced gradually with the increasing halide ion dosage. The dye mineralization was found to be inhibited by Cl−, especially under acidic conditions. Results of kinetics modeling demonstrated that the fraction of different oxidizing radicals largely depended on the content of Cl−. At the initial pH of 6.5, Cl2− was much more abundant than SO4−. The significance of Cl2− for AO7 degradation increased with the increasing Cl− concentration and overwhelmed that of SO4− at Cl−>1mM. Without Cl−, SO4− was the predominant radical for AO7 degradation under acidic conditions, while OH prevailed gradually at higher pH. Under high salinity conditions, more OH can be formed and contributed to the dye degradation especially in alkaline medium, leading to higher destruction efficiency of AO7. Several chlorinated byproducts were detected in the presence of chloride ions, and SO4−/Cl2−-based degradation pathways of AO7 were proposed. This work provides further understanding of the complex reaction mechanisms for SO4−-based advanced oxidation processes in chloride-rich environments.
Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and cost, which vary widely by region and hospital. In this case-control study, we calculated losses attributable to HAI ...in central China. A total of 2976 patients in 10 hospitals were enrolled, and the incidence rate of HAI (range, 0.88–4.15%) was significantly, but negatively associated with the cost per 1000 beds of its prevention (range, $24 929.76–$53 146.41; r = −0.76). The per capita economic loss attributable to HAIs was $2047.07 (interquartile range, $327.63–$6429.17), mainly from the pharmaceutical cost (median, $1044.39). The HAIs, which occurred in patients with commercial medical insurance, affected the haematologic system and caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, contributed most to the losses (median, $3881.55, $4734.20 and $9882.75, respectively). Furthermore, the economic losses attributable to device-associated infections and hospital-acquired multi-drug resistant bacteria were two to four times those of the controls. The burden attributable to HAI is heavy, and opportunities for easing this burden exist in several areas, including that strengthening antibiotic stewardship and practicing effective bundle of HAI prevention for patients carrying high-risk factors, for example, elders or those with catheterisations in healthcare institutions, and accelerating the medical insurance payment system reform based on diagnosis-related groups by policy-making departments.
► Sulfate radicals can efficiently degrade 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) in Co/PMS system. ► pH and its adjustment order largely affect TCP degradation kinetics. ► A de novo formation mechanism of ...polychlorinated compounds was proposed.
The degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) by sulfate radical generated via Co(II)-mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was examined. The influencing factors, such as substrate concentration and pH were investigated. The initial pH and its adjustment orders significantly affected the TCP degradation and mineralization. Several chlorinated products were detected, as well as some carboxylic acids, such as glycolic acid and oxalic acid. Many polychlorinated (chlorine atom number ⩾3) aromatics (e.g. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzenediol) and even their ring-opening products (e.g. 2,4-dichloro-5-oxo-2-hexenedioic acid, 1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-2-propanone) were identified, indicating a de novo formation mechanism of organohalogens may be involved in TCP degradation. The released chlorine atoms from TCP and/or dichloride radicals activated by sulfate radicals played an important role. This finding may have significant scientific and technical implications for utilizing Co/PMS reagent to detoxify chlorinated pollutants.
► A dual effect of Cl− on AO7 degradation efficiency in UV/TiO2 system was observed. ► Several refractory chlorinated byproducts were identified in UV/TiO2/Cl− system. ► AOX formed was found to ...increase with the increasing Cl− concentration. ► Possible reaction pathways involving hydroxyl/chlorine radicals were proposed.
Chloride ion as one of the major salt components in dyestuff wastewaters can greatly affect the homogenous OH radical-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), but little information is available now for heterogeneous AOPs like UV/TiO2 under similar conditions. Here the effects of chloride on kinetics and reaction intermediates of dye degradation in heterogeneous photocatalysis were examined. The dye degradation efficiency in UV/TiO2 process was investigated as a function of a wide range of salinity and pH. The chloride ion was found to have a dual effect on both the dye decoloration and mineralization in UV/TiO2 system due to different mechanisms involved. Higher Cl− concentration would inhibit dye degradation, especially in acidic medium. AOX (halogenated organic compounds adsorbable on activated carbon) generated increased with the increasing content of chloride ion present in the solution. Several toxic chlorinated byproducts were firstly identified during the dye degradation in UV/TiO2 process using GC–MS method and possible decomposition pathways were proposed. These findings may have significant technical implications for optimizing the photochemical technologies in salt-rich wastewater treatment.
Developing novel oil–water separation material, especially with uncomplicated fabrication and easily continuous separation procedure, is of great significance for environmental protection, but it is ...still a worldwide challenge. In this study, we present a simple one-step copolymerization method for fabrication organics coated three-dimensional material based on commercial nickel foam with dopamine and octadecylamine. The as-prepared nickel foam shows high superhydrophobicity with water contact angle (CA) of 154° ± 2°, water shedding angle of 4° ± 1° and superoleophilicity with oil CA of almost 0°. The as-prepared foam can fast and selectively remove oil from water due to its special wettability and porous structure. Besides, the foam can be manipulated to realize oil–water separation with a magnet bar due to its intrinsic magnetism. More interestingly, because of it being lightweight, and softness and toughness performance, the as-prepared foam can continuously remove and collect oil from water surface by folding it to a closed hollow box, which integrates the functions of oil containment boom, oil-absorption material and oil skimmer into one device. We believe that this research can provide a nice idea to design new material and device for practical oil–water separation.
