This paper aims to develop an improved CRR-Vs1 characterization model for soil liquefaction evaluation for binary mixtures via a series of DEM simulations of drained monotonic tests, undrained cyclic ...tests and shear wave velocity measurements. The contributions of different contact types to the mean effective stress of binary mixtures depend mainly on the coarse content and to a negligible extent on the confining pressure and particle size ratio. The threshold coarse content, denoting the mechanical behavior transition of binary mixtures, can be identified either by the macroscopic evolutions of critical state lines or the distributions of microscopic contact forces. The skeleton reinforcement factor m decreases approximately linearly with the increase of coarse content, while the skeleton supporting factor b exhibits a nonlinear decrease relationship with coarse content, both of which are influenced by particle size ratio. Under the condition of the same equivalent skeleton void ratio, a Vs-correction function and a CRR-correction function are introduced to consistently describe the nonlinear coarse content effects on the shear wave velocities and liquefaction resistances of binary mixtures. The improved CRR-Vs1 characterization model with consideration of coarse content is established by relating the shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance of binary mixtures to those of the base fine or coarse matrix using the concept of equivalent skeleton void ratio. Application of the proposed characterization model to real geotechnical materials requires laboratory element tests to determine the Vs-correction function and the CRR-correction function, together with the CRR-Vs1 benchmark curve of the base fine or coarse matrix.
•The threshold coarse content of binary mixtures is identified by DEM simulation.•The equivalent skeleton void ratio depends on coarse content and particle size ratio.•The CRR-Nl curves for binary mixtures rotate clockwise due to the reinforcement effect of coarse particles.•The improved CRR-Vs1 characterization model for liquefaction resistance evaluation of binary mixtures is proposed.
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating the escape of Ly
α
photons and ionizing radiation remain poorly understood. To study these processes, we analyze Very Large Array 21 cm observations of one Green Pea ...(GP), J160810+352809 (hereafter J1608), and
Hubble Space Telescope
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) spectra of 17 GP galaxies at
. All are highly ionized: J1608 has the highest O
iii
λ
5007/O
ii
λ
3727 for star-forming galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and the 17 GPs have O
iii/O
ii
≥ 6.6. We set an upper limit on J1608's H
i
mass of
, near or below average compared to similar-mass dwarf galaxies. In the COS sample, eight GPs show Ly
α
absorption components, six of which also have Ly
α
emission. The H
i
column densities derived from Ly
α
absorption are high,
cm
−2
= 19–21, well above the LyC optically thick limit. Using low-ionization absorption lines, we measure covering fractions (
) of 0.1–1 and find that
strongly anticorrelates with Ly
α
escape fraction. Low covering fractions may facilitate Ly
α
and LyC escape through dense neutral regions. GPs with
all have low neutral gas velocities, while GPs with lower
have a larger range of velocities. Conventional mechanical feedback may help establish low
in some cases, whereas other processes may be important for GPs with low velocities. Finally, we compare
with proposed indicators of LyC escape. Ionizing photon escape likely depends on a combination of neutral gas geometry and kinematics, complicating the use of emission-line diagnostics for identifying LyC emitters.
We present a 3° × 3°, 105-pointing, high-resolution neutral hydrogen (H i) mosaic of the M81 galaxy triplet, (including the main galaxies M81, M82, and NGC 3077, as well as dwarf galaxy NGC 2976) ...obtained with the Very Large Array C and D arrays. This H i synthesis mosaic uniformly covers the entire area and velocity range of the triplet. The observations have a resolution of ∼20″ or ∼420 pc. The data reveal many small-scale anomalous velocity features highlighting the complexity of the interacting M81 triplet. We compare our data with Green Bank Telescope observations of the same area. This comparison provides evidence for the presence of a substantial reservoir of low-column density gas in the northern part of the triplet, probably associated with M82. Such a reservoir is not found in the southern part. We report a number of newly discovered kpc-sized low-mass H i clouds with H i masses of a few times 106 M . A detailed analysis of their velocity widths show that their dynamical masses are much larger than their baryonic masses, which could indicate the presence of dark matter if the clouds are rotationally supported. However, due to their spatial and kinematical association with H i tidal features, it is more likely that the velocity widths indicate tidal effects or streaming motions. We do not find any clouds that are not associated with tidal features down to an H i mass limit of a few times 104 M . We compare the H i column densities with resolved stellar density maps and find a star formation threshold around 3-6 × 1020 cm−2. We investigate the widths of the H i velocity profiles in the triplet and find that extreme velocity dispersions can be explained by a superposition of multiple components along the line of sight near M81 as well as winds or outflows around M82. The velocity dispersions found are high enough that these processes could explain the linewidths of damped-Ly absorbers observed at high redshift.
Summary
Shield tunneling is an efficient method of the tunnel construction for the system of underground transportation, but it will disturb the surrounding soil and affect the security of nearby ...structures. The monitoring for deformation of the structures influenced by the tunneling construction is crucial for structural safety evaluation, especially for the ancient structures. The computer vision‐based structural deformation monitoring approach is a newly developed method that has advantages such as, long‐distance, noncontact, and so on, which provides a promising tool for deformation monitoring of ancient structures. This study applied a computer vision‐based method for field monitoring of three‐dimensional (3‐D) deformation of an ancient tower under the influence of shield tunneling. The target‐free strategy was adopted to eliminate the need for installation of artificial makers on the surface of the tower. The environmental factors during the long‐term monitoring were discussed, especially the influence of temperature variation. Background modification was employed to reduce the error induced by the microchange of camera position. The long‐term 3‐D deformations of the ancient tower including vertical settlement and horizontal deformation in two directions during the shield tunneling construction were obtained. The results indicate that the proposed computer vision‐based method offers an efficient and cost‐effective approach to monitor the 3‐D deformation of the ancient structure and further for structural safety evaluation.
Bitter tastants can induce relaxation in precontracted airway smooth muscle by activating big-conductance potassium channels (BKs) or by inactivating voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels (VDLCCs). ...In this study, a new pathway for bitter tastant-induced relaxation was defined and investigated. We found nifedipine-insensitive and bitter tastant chloroquine-sensitive relaxation in epithelium-denuded mouse tracheal rings (TRs) precontracted with acetylcholine (ACH). In the presence of nifedipine (10 µM), ACH induced cytosolic Ca2+ elevation and cell shortening in single airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), and these changes were inhibited by chloroquine. In TRs, ACH triggered a transient contraction under Ca2+-free conditions, and, following a restoration of Ca2+, a strong contraction occurred, which was inhibited by chloroquine. Moreover, the ACH-activated whole-cell and single channel currents of non-selective cation channels (NSCCs) were blocked by chloroquine. Pyrazole 3 (Pyr3), an inhibitor of transient receptor potential C3 (TRPC3) channels, partially inhibited ACH-induced contraction, intracellular Ca2+ elevation, and NSCC currents. These results demonstrate that NSCCs play a role in bitter tastant-induced relaxation in precontracted airway smooth muscle.
Abstract
We report the observation by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of a
z
≳ 10 galaxy candidate (GHZ1) discovered from the GLASS–JWST Early Release Science Program. Our ...ALMA program aims to detect the O
iii
emission line at the rest-frame frequency 3393.0062 GHz (88.36
μ
m) and far-IR continuum emission with the spectral window setup seamlessly covering a 26.125 GHz frequency range (10.10 <
z
< 11.14). A total of 7 hr of on-source integration was employed, using four frequency settings to cover the full range (1.7 hr per setting), with 0.″7 angular resolution. No line or continuum is clearly detected, with 5
σ
upper limits on the line emission of 0.93 mJy beam
−1
at 25 km s
−1
channel
−1
and on the continuum emission of 30
μ
Jy beam
−1
. We report marginal spectral (at 225 km s
−1
resolution) and continuum features (4.1
σ
and 2.6
σ
peak signal-to-noise ratio, respectively), within 0.″17 from the JWST position of GHZ1. This spectral feature implies
z
= 10.38 and needs to be verified with further observations. Assuming that the best estimate of photometric redshift (
z
=
10.60
−
0.60
+
0.52
) is correct, the model of the galaxy’s broadband spectral energy distribution for the 3
σ
upper limit of the continuum flux from GHZ1 suggests that GHZ1 has a small amount of dust (
M
d
≲ 10
4
M
⊙
) at a high temperature (
T
d
≳ 90 K). The 5
σ
upper limit on the O
iii
88
μ
m
line luminosity and the inferred star formation rate of GHZ1 are consistent with the properties of low-metallicity dwarf galaxies. We also report serendipitous clear detections of six continuum sources at the locations of the JWST galaxy counterparts in the field.
This study determined the antioxidant activities of juice from
L. (MC) and MC var.
Ser. (MCVAS) by analyzing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability, ferric reducing power (FRP), and ...total phenolic content (TPC). The effects of storage time and storage temperature on these antioxidant activities were investigated. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was conducted to identify the major components of MC and MCVAS. The results revealed that the antioxidant activity of MCVAS was better than that of MC, possibly because of richer components of MCVAS. For MC and MCVAS, the scavenging concentrations of 50% DPPH were 3.33 and 1.19 mg/mL, respectively; moreover, the FRP values were 68.93 and 118.14 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g dry weight, respectively; and the TPC values were 8.15 and 11.47 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, respectively. The antioxidant activities of MC and MCVAS decreased with storage time. High storage temperature decreased antioxidant activity more quickly than a low temperature. In addition, MC had exhibited a faster decline in DPPH scavenging ability and FRP than MCVAS during 24-day storage, but no difference was observed in TPC.
•W–10Cu/AlN joint was successfully conducted using a Ni-P/Ti interlayer.•The bond strength depended on interlayer thickness and bonding temperature.•The fracture position of the joints was ...investigated.•20% decline in tensile strength of joint after thermal shock test was observed.
Cu/AlN joints are critical for applications in electronic components and high-power electronic devices. To prevent mechanical failures at the interface of the joints resulting from mismatched thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) between Cu and AlN, the W–Cu composite with lower CTE than pure Cu can be used. The choice of interlayers for the W–Cu/AlN joint and their microstructural evolution at the interface during diffusion bonding should be evaluated. In this study, the design and characterization of Ni–P and Ti interlayers for increasing the joint quality between diffusion-bonded W–10Cu (90 wt% W and 10 wt% Cu) and AlN were developed. The effects of the Ni–P interlayer thickness (1.0 and 3.5 µm) and bonding temperature (700 and 800 °C) on the microstructure and corresponding mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. The maximum average tensile strength for the joints reached 26.76 MPa with a Ni–P interlayer thickness of 3.5 µm and bonding temperature of 800 °C. In addition, the phase distribution from the W–10Cu to AlN was determined using X-ray diffraction and electron probe X-ray microanalysis, indicating sufficient diffusion of W–Ni and Ni–Ti in the interfacial zone of the W–10Cu/Ni–P/Ti/AlN joints. Moreover, Cu atoms in W–10Cu diffused into Ni-based layers, forming a solid solution. The fracture location in the joints was influenced by the bonding temperature and thermal shock test. The tensile strength of the joints decreased 20% after thermal shock testing for 100 cycles.
Summary
The engineering applications of energy piles, geological radioactive waste disposals, and mining wells of geothermal and petroleum are usually associated with strong coupled behaviour of ...consolidation and heat flow. This paper aims to present an efficient precise integration technique (PIT) for the analysis of such behaviour within layered saturated soils surrounding cylindrical heat sources (ie, with a cross section as a point, ring, or disc). Each soil layer, together with its embedded part of heat source, is divided into 2N layer elements with equal thickness. Then any pair of adjacent two layer elements are merged into a heat source on the interface. With the aid of Taylor series expansion and recurrence formula for adjacent layer elements combination, such problems can be solved by means of an improved PIT. Typical examples are performed to examine the effects of heat source type and soils layered properties on the coupled consolidation and heat flow responses. The elevation of the clay surface increases with time because of thermal expansion and reaches a peak value before showing a tendency of getting stabilised because of the dissipation of pore pressure becoming dominant. Such a peak cannot be achieved in sand case because of no accumulation of pore pressure. The influencing area of the heat source was found to be limited to near the source. These quantitative results serve as good verification of the presented technique, which proves to be remarkably efficient and several orders more accurate than traditional numerical techniques in that it ideally reaches the accuracy limit of the hardware of the computers used.
The early-stage M23C6 morphology at the phase boundary between austenite and δ ferrite grain in Type 304L austenitic stainless steel was investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ...M23C6 has coherency with austenite grains at phase boundary. The phase boundary between the M23C6 and austenite grains has curved appearance. The curved phase boundary might be a faceted interface composed of (111) plane and the other low-index planes on the atomic scale. The M23C6 morphology at the phase boundary was identified to be a complex pyramid-like shape that has {111}, {110} and {100} interfaces. The slight deviation in the angle measured between edges of carbide in the TEM images from that calculated between edges expected from the M23C6 morphology might be attributed to multilayer growth in the interior region of the M23C6 face.
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