Summary
This study, performed as part of the international EarlyNutrition research project (http://www.project‐earlynutrition.eu), provides a systematic review of systematic reviews on the effects of ...nutritional interventions or exposures in children (up to 3 years of age) on the subsequent risk of obesity, overweight and adiposity. Electronic databases (including MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library) were searched up until September 2015. Forty systematic reviews were included. A consistent association of breastfeeding with a modest reduction in the risk of later overweight and obesity in childhood and adulthood was found (the odds decreased by 13% based on high‐quality studies), but residual confounding cannot be excluded. Lowering the protein content of infant formula is a promising intervention to reduce the risk of later overweight and obesity in children. There is no consistent evidence of an association of the age of introducing complementary foods, sugar‐sweetened beverage or energy intake in early childhood with later overweight/obesity, but there are some indications of an association of protein intake during the complementary feeding period with later overweight/obesity. There was inadequate evidence to determine the effects of other nutritional interventions or exposures, including modifications of infant formula composition, fat intake or consumption of different food groups.
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in children is linked with the development of allergic asthma. However, its influence on allergic sensitisation in children has not been conclusively ...determined.
To systematically review existing evidence of ETS exposure's impact on markers of allergic sensitisation in children.
CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. Included studies assessed following markers of atopic sensitisation: total immunoglobulin E (tIgE) concentrations, at least one specific IgE (sIgE+), and positive skin-prick tests (SPTs+) in ETS-exposed and non-exposed children.
8 studies on the influence of ETS on tIgE concentration (2603 patients), 6 studies on ETS and sIgE+ (9230 participants) and 14 papers on ETS and SPT (14 150 patients) met our inclusion criteria. ETS was shown to raise tIgE concentrations by 27.7 IU/mL (95% CI 7.8 to 47.7; I(2)=58%; results based on 3 studies) and to increase the risk of atopic sensitisation, as assessed by sIgE+ (OR=1.12, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.25; I(2)=54%; results based on 4 studies) and SPT+ (OR=1.15; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.28; I(2)=0%; results based on 10 studies). In a subgroup analysis, this effect was most pronounced in children <7 years (preschoolers) by OR=1.20; (95% CI 1.05 to 1.38) and OR=1.30 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.61), (for sIgE+ and SPT+, respectively).
Current analysis supports an association between ETS exposure in early childhood and the increased risk of allergic sensitisation. Subgroup meta-analyses demonstrate that younger children suffer the most from detrimental immunomodulating effects of ETS exposure. This study underscores ETS as an important but avoidable risk factor for the development of allergic disease in children.
Background
The role of selenium (Se) in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unclear. We systematically assessed the effectiveness and safety of Se supplementation in adults with ...T2DM.
Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched up to April 2018 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of Se against a comparator on DM‐related outcomes.
Results
Four RCTs (241 participants) were included. In individual RCTs, Se supplementation significantly reduced fasting insulin levels mean difference (MD) = −3.6 μIU mL−1; 95% confidence interval (CI) = −6.36 to −0.84; MD = −5.8 μIU mL−1; 95% CI = −9.23 to −2.37, homeostasis model of assessment‐estimated insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) (MD = −1; 95% CI = −1.79 to −0.21; MD = −1.6; 95% CI, −2.58 to −0.62) and homeostasis model of assessment‐estimated B cell function (HOMA‐B) (MD = −13.6; 95% CI = −23.4 to −3.8; MD = −22.6; 95% CI = −36.39 to −8.81). No effects of Se were noted on most of the other outcomes of interest. None of the RCTs assessed the mortality, diabetes‐related complications, non‐high‐density lipoprotein (non‐HDL), blood pressure and health‐related quality of life. The impact on HDL and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was ambiguous. Only one adverse event (nausea) was reported as a reason for discontinuing the intervention; however, among the studies, the reporting was not accurate. Furthermore, only one RCT reported increase in FPG level in the Se group (MD = 36.38 mg dL−1; 95% CI = 15.39–57.37).
Conclusions
Currently, there is no evidence to support the effectiveness of Se supplementation in the T2DM population.
A new way of measuring the excitation function for reactions with neutron emission is presented. A trial experiment is performed using a DC-60 heavy ion accelerator at the Interdisciplinary ...Scientific Research Complex in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. The excitation function of the
13
C(α
, n
) reaction is measured at 180° c.m. in the
E
c.m.
= 1.7–2.6 MeV range of energies. The results are compared to data from other works, and the prospects of the new approach are discussed.
We applied the thick target inverse kinematics method for a study of resonances decaying through neutron emission. In this approach, the time of flight of the resonant neutrons is defined by the ...movement of the heavy ions of low-energy beams through an extended target. As a test, we used a well-studied, because of its role in the s process in stars, ^{13}C(α,n) reaction. The measurements demonstrated the high efficiency of the approach. The energy resolution for the ^{13}C(α,n) excitation function was ≈60keV, the largest contributions coming from the time structure of the beam and the thickness of the neutron detector. The measurements revealed a surprising disagreement with the R-matrix calculations based on the parameters of the recent analysis.
The commissioning of the new fragment separator ACCULINNA-2 at FLNR JINR is accomplished. The separator is destined to expand the possibilities in studies of dripline nuclei performed with the exotic ...secondary radioactive ion beams (RIBs) at energies of (5 - 50) AMeV. The projected high transmission and purification level were confirmed experimentally for a number of RIBs in the last two years. The ACCULINNA-2 setup will become a backbone facility at FLNR for the research in the field of light exotic nuclei. This report shows the current status of the separator, describes the obtained RIBs parameters and first experiments as well, provides the overview of the developing detection, monitoring and control subsystems.
New fragment separator ACCULINNA-2 was installed at the primary beam line of the U-400M cyclotron in 2016. Recently, first radioactive ion beams were obtained. The design parameters of new facility ...were experimentally confirmed. Intensity, purity and transverse profile of several secondary beams at the final focal plane were studied. The intensities obtained for the secondary beams of
14
B,
12
Be,
9;11
Li,
6;8
He in the fragmentation reaction
15
N (49.7 AMeV) + Be (2 mm) are in average 15 times higher in comparison to the ones produced at its forerunner ACCULINNA separator. The ACCULINNA-2 separator will become a backbone facility at the FLNR for the research in the field of light exotic nuclei in the vicinity of the nuclear drip lines. The planned first experiment, aimed for the observation of the
7
H nucleus at ACCULINNA-2, is outlined.
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