Las dehiscencias y fístulas de las anastomosis del esófago con segmentos pediculados del tubo digestivo son complicaciones frecuentes en la cirugía del esófago. En diversas estadísticas recientes, ...nacionales y extranjeras, se ha registrado una incidencia de hasta el 40 %. Este hecho, unido a las ventajas reportadas en la utilización de los adhesivos sintéticos del tipo del Tisuacryl®, hace interesante realizar un estudio clínico para extender el uso del producto al reforzamiento de las suturas en la anastomosis del esófago con otros segmentos del tubo digestivo, con el fin de prevenir las dehiscencias. Se realizó un ensayo clínico de fase II, prospectivo, controlado, aleatorizado, multicéntrico, a simple ciegas, que se extendió desde enero de 1998 hasta febrero de 2005. En él se incluyeron pacientes que ingresaron en los hospitales «Calixto García» y «Miguel Enríquez» con el diagnóstico de enfermedades esofágicas. Se logró la introducción en el país de una nueva aplicación para el adhesivo tisular Tisuacryl® y se demostró que la utilización del producto es una opción significativamente más ventajosa que el procedimiento convencional sólo con sutura, ya que se obtuvo una eficacia del 93 % en el grupo experimental respecto al 64 % en el grupo control. Uno y otro grupo eran homogéneos respecto a las variables de control. El tratamiento con Tisuacryl® disminuyó la frecuencia de aparición de fístulas esofágicas y no se reportaron eventos adversos en relación con la aplicación del producto.The dehiscences and fistulae of esophagus anastomosis with pedicular segments of the digestive tube are frequent complications in esophagus surgery. In various recent national and foreign statistics, an incidence of even 40 % has been registered. This fact, together with the advantages reported on the use of synthetic adhesives like Tisuacryl® made us to take an interest in conducting a clinical study to extend the use of this product to reinforce the sutures in esophagus anastomosis with other segments of the digestive tube to prevent dehiscences. A prospective, controlled, randomized, multicentric, blind, phase II clinical assay was undertaken from January 1998 to February 2005. Patients admitted in "Calixto García" and "Miguel Enriquez" Hospitals with the diagnosis of esophageal diseases took part in the study. It was possible to introduce in our country a new application of Tisuacryl®, and it was proved that the use of the product is a much more advantageous choice than the conventional procedure only with suture, since it was obtained an effectiveness of 93 % in the experimental group compared to 64 % in the control group. Both groups were homogeneous as regards the control variables. Treatment with Tisuacryl® reduced the frequency of appearance of esophageal fistulae, and no adverse events were reported in relation to the use of this product.
•Preschool children show initial trust in an informant’s claim.•Children reassess an informant’s misleading claim in light of empirical evidence.•Children transfer their conclusions regarding the ...validity of a claim across tasks.•Preschoolers are able to integrate and align information from different sources.
Across two experiments, an adult informant presented 220 preschoolers (34–71 months of age) with either a correct claim or an incorrect claim about how to activate a music box by using one of two toy figures. Children were then prompted to explore the figures and to discover whether the informant’s claim was correct or incorrect. Children who discovered the claim to be incorrect no longer endorsed it. Moreover, their predictions regarding a new figure’s ability to activate the music box were clearly affected by the reliability of the informant’s prior claim. Thus, children reassess an informant’s incorrect claim about an object in light of later empirical evidence and transfer their conclusions regarding the validity of that claim to subsequent objects.
Biodiversity conservation is a complex and transdisciplinary problem that requires engagement and cooperation among scientific, societal, economic, and political institutions. However, historical ...approaches have often failed to bring together and address the needs of all relevant stakeholders in decision‐making processes. The Tropical Andes, a biodiversity hotspot where conservation efforts often conflict with socioeconomic issues and policies that prioritize economic development, provides an ideal model to develop and implement more effective approaches. In this study, we present a co‐design approach that mainstreams and improves the flow of biodiversity information in the Tropical Andes, while creating tailored outputs that meet the needs of economic and societal stakeholders. We employed a consultative process that brought together biodiversity information users and producers at the local, national, and regional levels through a combination of surveys and workshops. This approach identified priority needs and limitations of the flow of biodiversity information in the region, which led to the co‐design of user‐relevant biodiversity indicators. By leveraging the existing capacities of biodiversity information users and producers, we were able to co‐design multiple biodiversity indicators and prioritize two for full implementation ensuring that the data was findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable based on the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles. This approach helped address limitations that were identified in the stakeholder engagement process, including gaps in data availability and the need for more accessible biodiversity information. Additionally, capacity‐building workshops were incorporated for all producers of biodiversity information involved, which aimed to not only improve the current flow of biodiversity information in the region but also facilitate its future sustainability. Our approach can serve as a valuable blueprint for mainstreaming biodiversity information and making it more inclusive in the future, especially considering the diverse worldviews, values, and knowledge systems between science, policy, and practice.
Our study presents a co‐design approach to improve biodiversity information flow in the Tropical Andes. Through stakeholder engagement and collaborative workshops, we identified priority needs and co‐designed user‐relevant indicators, addressing data gaps and enhancing inclusivity. Our approach offers a valuable framework for mainstreaming biodiversity information and fostering collaboration between science, policy, and practice in conservation efforts.
The surface water contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTE) leached from mine tailings is a major environmental concern. However, the formation of insoluble solid phases can control the ...mobility of PTE, with subsequent decrease of the risk that tailings suppose to the environment. We characterized the tailings from a tin inactive mine in Llallagua, Bolivia in order to assess the risk for surface water quality. These tailings contain high concentrations of PTE, with up to 94,344mg/kg Fe, 9135mg/kg Sn, 4606mg/kg As, 1362mg/kg Cu, 1220mg/kg Zn, 955mg/kg Pb and 151mg/kg Cd. Oxidation of sulfide minerals in these tailings generates acid leachates (pH=2.5–3.5), rich in SO42− and dissolved PTE, thereby releasing contaminants to the surface waters. Nevertheless, the concentrations of dissolved Sn, As and Pb in acid leachates are low (Sn<0.01mg/L; As=0.25–2.55mg/L; Pb<0.05mg/L). This indicates that, for the most part, Sn, As and Pb are being retained by the solid phases in the impoundment, so that these elements are not reaching the surface waters. Fe-bearing cassiterite—an insoluble and weathering-resistant oxide mineral—is abundant in the studied tailing deposits; it should be the main solid phase controlling Sn and As mobility in the impoundment. Additionally, jarosite and plumbojarosite, identified among the secondary minerals, could also play an important role controlling the mobility of As and Pb. Taking into account (a) the low solubility constants of cassiterite (Ksp=10−64.2), jarosite (Ksp=10−11) and plumbojarosite (Ksp=10−28.66), and (b) the stability of these minerals under acidic conditions, we can conclude that they control the long-term fate of Sn, As and Pb in the studied tailings.
•Acid leachates generated from tin tailings have low Sn, As and Pb concentrations.•Cassiterite, jarosite and plumbojarosite control the mobility of Sn, As and Pb.•The mechanism of As retention on cassiterite had not been described so far.
Notas Sobre la producción agraria española, 1891–1931 blanco, José Ignacio Jiménez; Pineda, Juan Francisco Zambrana; Blanco, Santiago Zapata ...
Revista de Historia Económica,
1983, Letnik:
1, Številka:
2
Journal Article
The amyloid cascade hypothesis is widely accepted as an explanation for the neuropathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of amyloid-beta (Aβ) as the sole cause of these ...changes is being questioned. Using the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, we investigated various factors contributing to neuropathology, including genetic load (heterozygous (HTZ) versus homozygous (HZ) condition), behavioural phenotype, neuropathology markers, metabolic physiology, and gut microbiota composition at early (5 months of age) and late (12 months of age) stages of disease onset, and considering both sexes. At 5 months of age, both HTZ and HZ mice exhibited hippocampal alterations associated with Aβ accumulation, leading to increased neuroinflammation and disrupted PI3K-Akt pathway. However, only HZ mice showed cognitive impairment in the Y-maze and Morris water maze tests, worsening with age. Dysregulation of both insulin and insulin secretion-regulating GIP peptide were observed at 5 months of age, disappearing later. Circulating levels of metabolic-regulating hormones, such as Ghrelin and resisting helped to differentiates HTZ mice from HZ mice. Differences between HTZ and HZ mice were also observed in gut microbiota composition, disrupted intestinal barrier proteins, and increased proinflammatory products in the intestine. These findings suggest that cognitive impairment in 5xFAD mice may not solely result from Aβ aggregation. Other factors, including altered PI3K-Akt signalling, disrupted insulin-linked metabolic pathways, and changes in gut microbiota, contribute to disease progression. Targeting Aβ deposition alone may not suffice. Understanding AD pathogenesis and its multiple contributing factors is vital for effective therapies.
Display omitted
•Gene dosage in the 5xFAD model worsens cognitive and hippocampal functions.•Cognitive impairment may not be due solely attributed to β-amyloid aggregation.•Premature alterations in insulin-linked metabolic pathways observed at 5-month-old 5xFAD homozygous mice.•Alteration of gut microbiota in the 5xFAD model associated with aging.•Disruption of the small intestinal epithelial layer in adult 5xFAD homozygous mice.
To investigate the impact of child gender, maternal education, and birth order on language comprehension (LC) status at 18 and 36 months of age and on the change in LC between these time points. ...Gender interactions and interactions between maternal education and birth order are also examined.
This study is based on data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Maternal report data on education, birth order, and child language in a sample of 44,921 children were used in linear regression analyses.
At 18 and 36 months of age, first-born girls of mothers with high educational attainment had the highest level of LC. Between 18 and 36 months of age, first-born boys of mothers with high educational attainment had the highest increase in LC. Having a highly educated mother contributed more to the increase in LC in boys than in girls. The boys whose mothers had the highest education level had lower scores than the girls whose mothers had the lowest educational level, at both ages. Although significant, the considerable effect of high maternal education was not substantially dependent on birth-order status.
Boys develop LC at a faster rate than girls between 18 and 36 months, but girls still remain superior in their level of LC at 36 months of age. Being firstborn or having a highly educated mother does not compensate for this lag.
The current study addresses the question of the relation between ToM and children's epistemic humility - the tendency to acknowledge the limitations of one's knowledge while being open to another's ...input during socio-cognitive conflict regulation - in a cooperative problem-solving context. Sixty-four boys and girls between the ages of 5 to 9 years (32 same-gender dyads) were tested for their ToM with the Theory of Mind Test (TMT) and The Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC), and for their epistemic humility through an analysis of their spontaneous verbal interactions during the resolution of a dyadic spatial transformation task. The results showed that children with higher levels of ToM more frequently showed more epistemic humility when faced with conflicting ideas, even when age was taken into account. The results are discussed in terms of the processes underlying socio-cognitive conflict regulation in peer cooperation and their educational implications.
•7–9-year-old tend to display more openness to others' input during socio-cognitive conflict than 4–6-year-old do.•Children with higher ToM abilities show more epistemic humility during the regulation of socio-cognitive conflict.•Epistemic humility is partially explained by ToM abilities even when age is taken into account.•ToM appears to be useful and applicable in cooperative problem-solving situations.
Background
Knowledge is scarce on what contributes to whether children with early language delay (LD) show persistent, recovering or sometimes late‐onset LD without a prior history of early LD in ...subsequent preschool years.
Aims
To explore whether an integrative model of vital risk factors, including poor early communication skills, family history of language‐related difficulties and male gender, predicts the development of persistent, recovering or late‐onset LD trajectories from 3 to 5 years quantitatively and qualitatively differently.
Methods & Procedures
LD was assessed by maternal reports on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 3 and 5 years for 10 587 children in The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Children were classified across time as having no, late onset, transient or persistent LD. Multinomial logistic regression analyses included the integrative model of vital risk factors and covariates.
Outcome & Results
Across time, 3%, 5% and 6.5% of the children displayed persistent, transient and late‐onset LD, respectively. The odds for persistent LD were doubled for boys and children with low language comprehension at 1.5 years; and tripled by late‐talking familial risk. These same odds decreased for transient LD, and even further for late‐onset LD. Familial risk for writing and reading difficulties especially increased the odds for late‐onset and persistent LD, while familial risk of unintelligible speech increased the odds for transient LD. Although girls had on average far better language comprehension than boys, low language comprehension was a stronger risk factor for persistent LD in girls.
Conclusions & Implications
Preschool LD trajectories were uniquely predicted from the integrative risk model of poor early communicative skills, family history and male gender. This might benefit identification of different LD trajectories by supporting broader severe vulnerability for persistent LD, milder vulnerability for transient LD, and possibly a specific risk for reading and learning difficulties for children with late‐onset LD.
PDF
