Abstract
Objective
Explore internal consistency, concurrent validity, and impact of demographic factors to provide preliminary normative data for a teleneuropsychological (TeleNP) and ...culturally-sensitive letter fluency (PAN) test based on Benton and Hamsher’s (1976) approach (two easy and one difficult letter) for Spanish-speaking Puerto Ricans.
Method
102 cognitively healthy Puerto Ricans (Female: 69%; Age: M = 63.2, SD = 6.1; Education: M = 16.2, SD = 3.6) residing on the island were administered the letters PAN and a category (Animal) fluency task via Zoom, as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Cronbach’s alpha was applied to explore PAN’s internal consistency. Concurrent validity was examined through Pearson correlation between PAN and Animal fluency. Analyses of variance were used to explore the effect of age, education, and sex. Descriptive statistics were conducted to develop normative data stratified by statistically significant demographics.
Results
Cronbach’s alpha for PAN was α = 0.833. Each letter had a positive and significant correlation with Animal fluency (0.477, 0.471, 0.471; p < 0.001). Only age and education significantly impacted performance on all letters. M and SD raw scores among the sample were P (M = 14.0; SD = 4.5), A (M = 11.8; SD = 4.1), N (M = 8.8; SD = 3.5).
Conclusions
Data suggest good internal reliability and moderate concurrent validity. Results supports that each consecutive letter is more difficult. This study provides preliminary normative data for cognitively healthy Puerto Rican adults, which can improve diagnostic accuracy while providing clinicians with a TeleNP and culturally-appropriate testing tool. Future research with PAN should include clinical samples.
A partir de la idea de que la "construcción de la nación” siempre comienza con la destrucción de la nación original, y que la etapa de la reconstrucción ya no se realiza, se postula que hoy por hoy ...ese proceso se limita a la destrucción de naciones. Esa destrucción se hace con la intervención militar, como en el caso de Irak, o sin ella, como en gran parte del planeta. Centrándose en el caso boliviano pre-1952, el autor de este trabajo ofrece una crónica de esa operacion encubierta conceptualizada como “destrucción de naciones”. La crónica está reconstruida con documentos desclasificados del Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos, muchos de los cuales fueron originalmente secretos y permanecieron así por mucho tiempo.
Starting from the idea that “nation building” always begins with the destruction of the original nation, and that the stage of reconstruction does not take place, it is postulated that today this ...process is limited to the destruction of nations. This destruction is done with military intervention, as in the case of Irak, or without it, as in a large part of the world. Focusing on the pre-1952 Bolivian case, the author of this article offers a chronicle of that undercovered operation conceptualized as “destruction of nations.” He builds his chronicle with declassified documents from the United States Department of State, many of which were originally secret and remained so for a long time. A partir de la idea de que la "construcción de la nación” siempre comienza con la destrucción de la nación original, y que la etapa de la reconstrucción ya no se realiza, se postula que hoy por hoy ese proceso se limita a la destrucción de naciones. Esa destrucción se hace con la intervención militar, como en el caso de Irak, o sin ella, como en gran parte del planeta. Centrándose en el caso boliviano pre-1952, el autor de este trabajo ofrece una crónica de esa operacion encubierta conceptualizada como “destrucción de naciones”. La crónica está reconstruida con documentos desclasificados del Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos, muchos de los cuales fueron originalmente secretos y permanecieron así por mucho tiempo.
Despite their obvious utility, detailed species-level phylogenies are lacking for many groups, including several major mammalian lineages such as bats. Here we provide a cytochrome b genealogy of ...over 50% of bat species (648 terminal taxa). Based on prior analyzes of related mammal groups, cytb emerges as a particularly reliable phylogenetic marker, and given that our results are broadly congruent with prior knowledge, the phylogeny should be a useful tool for comparative analyzes. Nevertheless, we stress that a single-gene analysis of such a large and old group cannot be interpreted as more than a crude estimate of the bat species tree. Analysis of the full dataset supports the traditional division of bats into macro- and microchiroptera, but not the recently proposed division into Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera. However, our results only weakly reject the former and strongly support the latter group, and furthermore, a time calibrated analysis of a pruned dataset where most included taxa have the entire 1140bp cytb sequence finds monophyletic Yinpterochiroptera. Most bat families and many higher level groups are supported, however, relationships among families are in general weakly supported, as are many of the deeper nodes of the tree. The exceptions are in most cases apparently due to the misplacement of species with little available data, while in a few cases the results suggest putative problems with current classification, such as the non-monophyly of Mormoopidae. We provide this phylogenetic hypothesis, and an analysis of divergence times, as tools for evolutionary and ecological studies that will be useful until more inclusive studies using multiple loci become available.
There is considerable evidence that high-quality Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) is associated with children's language competence. Yet, studies in contexts of universal access to ...quality-regulated ECEC are rarer, exacerbating concerns over selection bias endemic to non-experimental work on the topic. Extending the cumulative knowledge on this topic, we tested a dose-response hypothesis, examining associations between time spent in ECEC during the child's first four years, and language competences in four-year-old girls and boys, in a context with universal access to quality regulated center care. A sample (N = 1157) from a Norwegian longitudinal study was utilized with propensity weights accounting for selection. Following this adjustment, there was a tendency for a dose-response relation between years that children attended ECEC and their language competence at four years, but only for boys. Implications of ECEC in the contemporary context of gender differences in achievement and life chances are discussed.
Radiative corrections to the annihilation of proton–antiproton into electron–positron are revisited, including virtual and real (soft and hard) photon emission. This issue is relevant for the ...time-like form factors measurements planned at the PANDA experiment at the FAIR facility, in next future. The relevant formulas are given. A stand-alone Monte-Carlo integrator is developed on the basis of the calculated radiative cross section and its application to the PANDA experiment is illustrated.
Radiative corrections to the annihilation of proton–antiproton into electron–positron are revisited, including virtual and real (soft and hard) photon emission. This issue is relevant for the ...time-like form factors measurements planned at the PANDA experiment at the FAIR facility, in next future. The relevant formulas are given. A stand-alone Monte-Carlo integrator is developed on the basis of the calculated radiative cross section and its application to the PANDA experiment is illustrated.
.
Simulation results for future measurements of electromagnetic proton form factors at
P
¯
ANDA (FAIR) within the PandaRoot software framework are reported. The statistical precision with which the ...proton form factors can be determined is estimated. The signal channel
p
¯
p
→
e
+
e
-
is studied on the basis of two different but consistent procedures. The suppression of the main background channel,
i.e.
p
¯
p
→
π
+
π
-
, is studied. Furthermore, the background
versus
signal efficiency, statistical and systematical uncertainties on the extracted proton form factors are evaluated using two different procedures. The results are consistent with those of a previous simulation study using an older, simplified framework. However, a slightly better precision is achieved in the PandaRoot study in a large range of momentum transfer, assuming the nominal beam conditions and detector performance.
The antiproton experiment PANDA at FAIR is designed to bring hadron physics to a new level in terms of scope, precision and accuracy. In this work, its unique capability for studies of hyperons is ...outlined. We discuss ground-state hyperons as diagnostic tools to study non-perturbative aspects of the strong interaction, and fundamental symmetries. New simulation studies have been carried out for two benchmark hyperon-antihyperon production channels:
p
¯
p
→
Λ
¯
Λ
and
p
¯
p
→
Ξ
¯
+
Ξ
-
. The results, presented in detail in this paper, show that hyperon-antihyperon pairs from these reactions can be exclusively reconstructed with high efficiency and very low background contamination. In addition, the polarisation and spin correlations have been studied, exploiting the weak, self-analysing decay of hyperons and antihyperons. Two independent approaches to the finite efficiency have been applied and evaluated: one standard multidimensional efficiency correction approach, and one efficiency independent approach. The applicability of the latter was thoroughly evaluated for all channels, beam momenta and observables. The standard method yields good results in all cases, and shows that spin observables can be studied with high precision and accuracy already in the first phase of data taking with PANDA.
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