Kompakt
Durch die aktuell diskutierte Umsetzung der Wärmewende wird in den nächsten Jahren in den Verteilnetzen ein starker Zubau an Wärmepumpen zur Erzeugung von Raumwärme und Trinkwarmwasser ...erwartet. Dies bringt die Verteilnetze an die Grenzen der Belastbarkeit, weshalb Lösungen benötigt werden, mit denen die Anzahl an Wärmepumpen in den Verteilnetzen erhöht werden kann, ohne Netzausbau betreiben zu müssen. Ein Ansatz ist die Nutzung eines intelligenten Netzengpassmanagementsystems.
In diesem Artikel wird ein ausführliches Anlagenmodell für die mathematische Beschreibung von individualisierten Wärmepumpenanlagen zur Erzeugung von Raumwärme und Trinkwarmwasser in Wohngebäuden vorgestellt.
Auf Basis dieses Anlagenmodells wird die Ermittlung der Flexibilität der Wärmepumpe für die Integration der Anlage in ein intelligentes Netzengpassmanagement sowie die Umsetzung von Stellbefehlen des intelligenten Netzengpassmanagements in der Wärmepumpe beschrieben. Die einzuhaltende Randbedingung bei der Flexibilitätsermittlung und -umsetzung ist die Verhinderung eines Komfortverlustes für den Anschlussnehmer bei der Nutzung der Wärmepumpe als Flexibilitätsoption im intelligenten Netzengpassmanagement.
In diesem Artikel wurde mit Modellen untersucht, ob mit Wärmepumpen als Flexibilitätsoption und Nutzung eines intelligenten Netzengpassmanagementsystems mehr Wärmepumpen in ein Verteilnetz integriert werden können als ohne Einsatz eines intelligenten Netzengpassmanagementsystems. Gleichzeitig wurde untersucht, ob durch den Einsatz eines intelligenten Netzengpassmanagementsystems ein Komfortverlust für den Anschlussnehmer auftritt.
Wie die Untersuchungen in diesem Artikel zeigen, können mit einem intelligenten Netzengpassmanagementsystem mehr Wärmepumpen in ein Verteilnetz integriert werden als ohne intelligentes Netzengpassmanagementsystem. Dies liegt daran, dass auch im Starklastfall der Wärmepumpe ein Lastverschiebungspotenzial genutzt werden kann, um auch bei steigender Wärmepumpenanzahl im Verteilnetz auftretende Netzengpässe intelligente und ohne Komforteinbußen lösen zu können.
Volatile electrical energy prices are a challenge and an opportunity for small and medium-sized companies in energy-intensive industries. By using electrical energy storage and/or an adaptation of ...production processes, companies can significantly profit from time-depending energy prices and reduce their energy costs.
We consider a time-discrete optimal control problem to reach a desired final state of the energy storage at a certain time step. Thereby, the energy input is discrete since only multiples of 100 kWh can be purchased at the EPEX SPOT market. We use available price estimates to minimize the total energy cost by a rounding based dynamic programming approach. With our model non-linear energy loss functions of the storage can be considered and we obtain a significant speed-up compared to the integer (linear) programming formulation.
The number of renewable energy systems is still increasing. To reduce the worldwide CO2 emissions, there will be even more challenges in the distribution grids like currently upcoming charging ...stations or heat pumps. All these new electric systems in the low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) levels are characterized by an unsteady behavior. To monitor and predict the behavior of these new flexible systems, a grid state forecast is needed. This software tool calculates wind, photovoltaic, and load forecasts. These power forecasts are already in the focus of research, but there are some specific use cases, which require a more specific solution. To get a variously applicable software tool, different new functions to improve an already existing grid state forecast tool were developed and evaluated. For example, it will be proofed if a grid state forecast tool can be improved by calculating the number or the base load of the loads in grid areas by just one available measurement. Another big subject exists in the exchange of forecast information between different voltage levels. How this can be realized and how big the effect on the forecast quality is, will be analyzed. The results of these evaluations will be shown in this paper.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel stellt die Konzepte zweier Add-on-Systeme für Verteilnetzautomatisierungssysteme vor, deren Ziel die Nutzung neuer Netzaktoren, wie die Ladeinfrastruktur für ...Elektrofahrzeuge, elektrische Wärmepumpen und Batteriespeicher, als Flexibilitäten für ein dynamisches und marktorientiertes Netzengpassmanagement ist.
Die entwickelten Konzepte legen dabei jeweils den Fokus auf den regulierten Bereich des Netzbetreibers (Fokus des Projektes ElCiN) und den freien Marktbereich der Anschlussnehmer (Fokus des Projektes InFleX), ohne die jeweiligen Anforderungen des anderen Bereichs außer Acht zu lassen.
Das im ElCiN-Projekt entwickelte Gesamtkonzept, welches den zellularen Ansatz des VDE umsetzt (VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik e.V., Zellulares Energiesystem: Ein Beitrag zur Konkretisierung des zellularen Ansatzes mit Handlungsempfehlungen,
https://www.vde.com/resource/blob/1884494/98f96973fcdba70777654d0f40c179e5/studie---zellulares-energiesystem-data.pdf
2019
), ermöglicht ein vollautomatisiertes und marktorientiertes Netzengpassmanagement. Dabei wurde ein Datenaustausch zwischen reguliertem Bereich und Marktbereich definiert, der einzelne neue Netzaktoren, aber auch in Zellen zusammengefasste und ggf. optimierte Netzaktoren, in das Netzengpassmanagement integrieren kann.
Das InFleX-Projekt beschäftigt sich mit der Hebung der Flexibilitäten für (Nicht-) Wohngebäude und deren energetischen Optimierung und Flexibilitätsbereitstellung für Verteilnetzautomatisierungssysteme.
Beide entwickelten Konzepte sowie die daraus entstandenen Systeme können grundsätzlich zu einem Gesamtsystem zusammengefasst werden. Ein solches Gesamtsystem setzt dann nicht nur den zellularen Ansatz des VDE um, sondern tut dies unter Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen und Interessen des Netzbetreibers sowie des Anschlussnehmers.
The increasing complexity of low‐voltage networks poses a growing challenge for the reliable and fail‐safe operation of electricity grids. The reasons for this include an increasingly decentralised ...energy generation (photovoltaic systems, wind power etc.) and the emergence of new types of consumers (e‐mobility, domestic electricity storage etc.). At the same time, the low‐voltage grid is largely unmonitored and local power failures are sometimes hard to detect. To overcome this, power line communication (PLC) has emerged as a potential solution for reliable monitoring of the low‐voltage grid. In addition to establishing a communication infrastructure, PLC also offers the possibility of evaluating the cables themselves, as well as the connection quality between individual cable distributors based on their signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The roll‐out of a large‐scale PLC infrastructure therefore not only ensures communication, but also introduces a tool for monitoring the entire network. To evaluate the potential of this data, we installed 38 PLC modems in three different areas of a German city with a population of about 150,000 as part of the Fühler‐im‐Netz (FiN) project. Over a period of 22 months, an SNR spectrum of each connection between adjacent PLC modems was generated every quarter of an hour. The availability of this real‐world PLC data opens up new possibilities to react to the increasingly complex challenges in future smart grids. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the data generation and describes how the data was collected during normal operation of the electricity grid. In addition, we present common anomalies, effects, and trends that could be observed in the PLC data at daily, weekly, or seasonal levels. Finally, we discuss potential use cases and the remote inspection of a cable section is highlighted as an example.
We present FiN, a novel dataset for smart grid and power line communication that provides a new foundation for machine learning approaches for a wide range of applications in the transition to smart grids. In our work, we introduce the dataset, outline its characteristics, and give a first overview of possible use cases based on both traditional and machine learning techniques.
Not all urban low-voltage grids will be able to integrate new loads such as charging infrastructure for electric mobility or electrical heat pumps into existing structures without further measures. ...Therefore, this article analyzes to what extent load management is more cost-effective than conventional grid expansion. Methodically, the different load types are first apportioned from country to grid-level on the basis of different parameters. Subsequently, both conventional grid planning as a reference variant and innovative grid planning with different variants of load management are carried out. As a result, it can be summarized that the future success of load management is strongly dependent on its costs and whether the necessary information and communication technology is already deployed in the grids. Regardless of the costs, there is also considerable potential for savings in conventional grid expansions.
Addressing the trends of digitalization, decentralization, democratization, and decarbonization, local peer-to-peer (P2P) markets have the potential to significantly accelerate decarbonization at the ...communal level. However, due to an increase in the number of energy consumers, such as electric vehicles or heat pumps, grid congestion can occur since actual low-voltage grids are not designed to transmit large loads. This paper introduces a novel concept for a platform to combine the advantages of P2P trading with the need for secure, automated low-voltage grid control, ensuring effective congestion management. Therefore, a dual local energy market has been developed, comprising a P2P energy market and a flexibility market with the latter ensures preventively managing congestion. Furthermore, mechanisms exist to provide curative, real-time congestion management. Additionally, the platform empowers prosumers, i.e. end users that produce and consume electrical energy, with intelligent market strategies to maximize their financial outcomes by participating in both markets. To provide a secure trading mechanism, the novel concept of Self-Sovereign-Identity is integrated into the platform. Tested in a smart grid laboratory at the University of Wuppertal, the platform provides financial gains for prosumers and effectively manages current- and voltage-related grid congestions.
•Early renewal of aged assets in distribution networks saves costs if reinforcement actions are carried out simultaneously.•Costs of network reinforcement and renewal can be reduced by up to 39% when ...jointly planned and executed.•When the renewal strategy is taken into account in network planning the optimal technology used for network reinforcement may change so that conventional reinforcements are advisable.
This article investigates the economic benefit of aligning asset maintenance actions with actions resulting from necessary distribution network development. For this, an existing optimisation approach to strategic network planning at low-voltage level based on a genetic algorithm is expanded to include the opportunistic preventive renewal of assets. The renewal of power cables that is expected due to degradation is brought forward in time and carried out at the same time as actions that are necessary to increase the network capacity to host increasing distributed generation. It is shown in theory and with exemplary case studies that overall costs can be reduced, depending on opportunity costs and the relation of direct costs to costs which the maintenance and reinforcement actions share, such as certain parts of construction work. In the two case studies with real low-voltage, networks the cost reduction amounts to 39% at maximum when cable replacement and the laying of new cables are aligned, compared to the separate execution of the necessary construction work. The case studies also reveal that the decision on the technical option for reinforcing a network may change due to the joint optimisation of renewal and reinforcement. In some cases, now traditional network reinforcement is advised, where sole strategic planning would recommend voltage control devices as the optimal choice.
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