The research was conducted with the goal to determine the variability of the quality parameters of the wood chips produced from the most favorable raw material (energy roundwood), and in the most ...controllable operational conditions (pellet factory), as the first step in identifying opportunities to optimize the wood chips’ quality monitoring. Four raw material types were tested: fir/spruce and beech debarked energy roundwood, as well as energy wood with bark of the same species. Sampling was conducted during six consecutive months along with laboratory testing, all according to the HRN EN ISO standards for solid biofuels. Interpretation of the results was done in relation to deviation from the first sampling results (as an indicator of the possibility to retain the quality of wood chips), and repeatability and reproducibility set in the standards (as an indicator of acceptable variability). The influence of the species and debarking process on the wood chips’ quality was analyzed as well. Relative deviation from the first sampling as well as the quality class change pointed moisture content as a normative property with the lowest possibility to retain initial values over the six-month period. Ash content results indicated a strong possibility to maintain the initial ash content class in the majority of the samples. In just three cases, the results of ash content were outside the reproducibility limits with first sampling as a reference. Gross calorific value results pointed only four samples outside the reproducibility limits with the first sampling results are set as a reference. Wood species influenced gross calorific value and the median value of the particle size distribution and debarking showed a significant positive effect on the moisture content reduction as well as on the ash content reduction. Presented findings are indicative for the investigated raw materials, however for the general conclusion on the subject of wood chips normative properties variation, various raw material types will have to be examined in further research.
•Logging activities with mini skidder in regeneration cut and thinning were performed.•Productivities, energy consumption and pollutant emissions in skidding were determined.•Relationship among ...working parameters, energy inputs, and GHG emissions were determined.•Energy consumption was mainly due to direct input (fossil fuels).•The lower pollutant emission values were recorded in regeneration cut.
The present study was conducted on the slopes of the Bilogora mountain in the central region of Croatia. Logging operations were performed at two felling sites with two different silviculturual treatments: thinning was performed at worksite A, and a regeneration cut was performed at worksite B. A half-length harvesting method and the skidding of half-processed wood assortments were used in the study areas. At both sites, the timber extraction was performed by a rubber-tired mini-skidder (Ecotrac 55V, Hittner tractors, Bjelovar – Croatia). The main aims of the present study were to provide limited but significant data regarding the experiences related to working times, productivity, energy inputs, and greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions for timber extraction using a skidder. This skidder was an average, compact and highly specialised machine, and, as shown by previous studies, this mini-skidder can effectively replace forestry-fitted crawler tractors, common agricultural tractors and cable yarders under particular conditions. In the context of small-scale forestry this mini-skidder as when compared with common agricultural tractor or forestry-fitted tractors, is more environmentally friendly in terms of energy inputs and GHG emissions during the wood extraction operation. In addition, the most important parameters that affect the use of a similar machine during wood extraction were evaluated in the present work. The average extraction net (PSH0) productivities (m3h−1) were 3.20m3h−1 for worksite A and 4.95m3h−1 for worksite B. The energy consumptions were 113.4MJm−3 for worksite A and 56.1MJm−3 for worksite B. Lower pollutant emission values were calculated for worksite B. At worksite B, the minimum value of CO2 emissions on the environment caused by the skidding operation was determined.
This research was conducted to determine the cause, intensity and location of damage (stem, butt end, root collar, root) and the extent of damage to standing trees during felling and processing by an ...harvester and timber extraction by a forwarder (cut-to-length system). The research was conducted in the central part of the Republic of Croatia in the Management Unit (MU) “Bjelovarska Bilogora” during the thinning of Subcompartment 14b, area of 18.28 ha, in the stand of hornbeam (Carpino betuli—Quercetum roboris fagetosum Rauš 1975), age 70, and of Subcompartment 14c, area of 9.07 ha, in a stand of common beech (Carici pilosae—Fagetum Oberdorfer 1957) aged 79 years. The thinning intensity was 12.13% in Subcompartment 14b and 13.72% in Subcompartment 14c. Field measurements were carried out on sample plots—the first time in 2017 to determine the intensity and characteristics of the damage to standing trees with regard to the cause of the damage (harvester or forwarder), and the second time in 2018 to determine the overall intensity and features of the damage to standing trees after finishing harvesting operations. For all trees remaining in the stand after the harvesting operations, the following were determined: tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH), the position of the tree in the stand depending on the forest traffic infrastructure, and—if damaged—cause of damage, type of damage, the position of damage on the tree, and dimensions of damage. The intensity of the damage was expressed by the ratio of damaged and undamaged trees, with a detailed analysis of bark damage (squeezed-bark damage and peeled-bark injuries). The results of the research indicate the highest prevalence of peeled-bark injuries. In relation to the total number of standing trees, trees with peeled-bark injuries were more represented in Subcompartment 14c (39%) than in Subcompartment 14b (33%). In Subcompartment 14b, the harvester and the forwarder damaged an equal number of trees, while in Subcompartment 14c, the harvester damaged 59% of the damaged trees. In both subcompartments, an average of 83% of (peeled bark) injuries were up to 1.3 m above the ground. In both subcompartments, the most common (67%) were injuries up to 100 cm2 in size, for which many authors claim the tree can heal by itself. Given the increasing use of harvester-forwarder systems in deciduous stands and research results that indicate possible damage to standing trees, it is necessary to pay attention to all phases of planning and execution of timber harvesting operations, thus minimising negative effects.
During forest harvesting operations, exhaust emissions from forest vehicles are released at different levels depending on several variables. This pollution released into the atmosphere is considered ...one of the main anthropogenic factors that negatively affect forest ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed exhaust emissions from a skidder diesel engine during various engine loads. Measurements were done on an ECOTRAC 140 V skidder with the water-cooling diesel engine and a built-in catalyst with an SCR system. The composition and amount of exhaust gases (CO, CO2, O2, NOx,) at different loads of the diesel engine of the skidder and engine temperature were measured using a MAHA MET 6.3 measuring device. The amount of exhaust gases was analyzed in relation to the engine speeds, engine temperatures, and the European emission standards for engines used in nonroad mobile machinery (NRMM). Influences of catalyst systems and recommendations for more environmentally friendly forest harvesting practices are addressed. With the engine unloaded, the amount of CO2 increased when engine speed was increased, while other amounts of exhaust gas decreased. During the cold start, the concentrations of hydrocarbons and nitrogen compounds were high. The composition of the exhaust gas was affected by the exhaust reduction system installed in the tractor and the amount of the exhaust gas was dependent on the engine load. The skidder engine met the requirements of the exhaust gas standards EPA/COM IIIB Tier 4 (I) under which it is declared. With a load engine during winch operation (2300 rpm), NOx amounts mostly exceed the limit values of the standard. Exhaust emissions can be reduced at various operating levels by utilizing the most environmentally friendly technologies and following the correct procedures, such as warming the engine up to operating temperature prior to operation and operating in the most favorable mode with optimal speed. The regular reduction of exhaust limit values to newer stages of the standard therefore leads to the continuous development of engines and forest vehicles in general.
The goal of the research was to determine the biomass yield and fuel properties of ten
different poplar clones. The research was conducted in an experimental plot
established in Forest Administration ...Osijek, Forest Office Darda, in the spring
of 2014. The layout of the plot consisted of three repetitions per clone with
40 plants per repetition in spacing 3x1 m. Based on the DBH distribution, in the early spring of 2018, one sample tree of an average DBH per repetition was selected, thus forming a sample of 30 trees. Average survival rate of the investigated trees after four vegetation periods was 74.54 ±13.85% ranging from 52.08% (Koreana) to 91.67% (SV885 and SV490). Average DBH of the sample trees was 8.2 ±1.9 cm, height 9.3 ±1.8 m and root collar diameter 10.7 ±1.9 cm. Moisture content in fresh state (just after the felling) ranged from 51.6% (Hybride 275) to 55.9% (SV885). Bark content averaged 18.4%, from 15.4% (Baldo) to 21.1% (V 609). Average nominal density of the sampled trees amounted to 383.5 ±35.9 kg/m3. Bark ash content was on average ten times higher (6.44 ±0.65%) than wood ash content (0.64 ±0.07%) resulting in average ash content of 1.7 ±0.1% (taking the bark content into account). The clone SV490 showed the highest biomass yield with 15.8 t/ha/year, while the lowest biomass yield was recorded for the clone Hybride 275 with 2.8 t/ha/year. High inter-clonal productivity variation stresses the importance of selection work to find the most appropriate clones with the highest productivity potential for the given area where the poplar SRC plantations are to be established. Due to high initial moisture content, if direct chipping harvesting systems are preferred, wood chips could be efficiently used in CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plants that operate on the principle of biomass gasification (where a gasifier is coupled to a gas engine to produce electric power and heat). In several CHP gasification plants operating in Croatia, wood chips with high initial moisture content (from traditional poplar plantations) are used as a feedstock that has to be pre-dried using the surplus heat. In this respect SRC poplar wood chips could make an ideal feedstock supplement.
In wood harvesting, teamwork was for the first time implemented in the area of the Bjelovar Forest Administration in 1979. The paper presents the research of the work of a team of workers recorded ...during the felling, processing, extraction, scaling and bunching of wood assortments in the spaced stand of deciduous mountain forests. Research was implemented in Grđevačka Bilogora in a team of eight workers (area of the Bjelovar Forest Administration). Felling and processing, tractor skidding, bunching and scaling of wood assortments, and piling of long-meter firewood by portable tractor crane on landing site were studied. The team worked in a spaced beech stand aged 62 years. Three fellers, three tractor drivers, one chainsaw operator-registerer and one crane operator form the team, working under the team leader. All team members were synchronically recorded throughout the working hours by using the retroactive method of chronometry. Based on the recorded total time and the effect realised, an analysis of time study according to operations and in total was conducted. The structure of effective time spent by every team member and of general times was defined, and additional time was shaped. Fellers spent 33.15 % (S1E), or rather 39.62 % (S2T) and 26.77 % (S3L) of effective out of total working time. Tractors spent 47.27 % (E), or rather 61.94 % (T) and 44.95 % (L) of effective out of total time. Chainsaw operator-registerer spent 19.88 %, while crane operator spent 29.64 % of effective out of total working time on bunching. The data relating to measured and calculated values have been processed by using mathematical and statistical methods of multiple linear regression. Mathematical models of the calculation of effective time were gained; based on this, added the additional time factor, the time norm and the daily performance of every team member were calculated. The time norm of the sub-team consisting of one feller and one tractor depends on the skidding distance. For the distance between 150 m and 650 m, the average time norm of the sub-team ranges between 41.73 min/m3 and 48.30 min/m3. Daily performance per team member may be realised in the amount of 15.88 m3/ day taken the distance ranging between 150 m and 9.88 m3/day, and the skidding distance equalling 650 m. The expense in the team ranges between 53.96 kn/m3 (150 m) and 86.73 kn/m3 (650 m) per product.
Gledano globalno, ali i općenito u Hrvatskoj te na razini poduzeća Hrvatske šume d.o.o., ozljede nastale kao rezultat prometnih nesreća predstavljaju značajan javnozdarsvtveni i ekonomski trošak. ...Obveza liječnika koji je prvi pregledao ozlijeđenog u bilo kojem događaju, pa tako i prometnoj nesreći ili događaju koji ima obilježja ozljede na radu, je prijavljivanje ozljeda policiji. U predmetnoj prijavi, uz opće podatke, liječnik je dužan kvalificirati tjelesnu ozljedu. O klalifikaciji predmetne ozljede ovosit će sve daljne radnje tijekom kriminalističkog istraživanja, te hoće li se pokrenut prekršajni, kazneni ili disciplinski postupak. Na temelju navedenog, primarni cilj istraživanja odnosi se na izradu okvira za kvalitetnije, točnije i ujednačenije kvalificiranje ozljeda sudionika prometnih nesreća. Sekundarni cilj istraživanja vezan je za prikaz trenda i kvalifikacije ostalih ozljeda pri radu u prometu unutar poduzeća koje gospodari državnim šumama. Kod analize općih mehanizama ozljeđivanja i povezanih ozljeda tj. kvalifikacije ozljeda sudionika prometnih nesreća, primijenjena je metoda analize, sinteze, kompilacije i klasifikacije, a kod analize numeričkih podataka primijenjena je tehnika deskriptivne statistike. Rezultati istraživanja vezani za kvalifikaciju ozljeda prikazani su unutar četiri pregledne tablice glede mehanizma nastupanja ozljeda kod frontalnih sudara, bočnih sudara, sudara u vožnji u slijedu i kod prevrtanja vozila. Najveći broj kvalificiranih ozljeda (n=58) utvrđen je kod frontalnih sudara, kod kojih je utvrđen i najveći broj mehanizama ozljeda (n=4). Najmanji broj mehanizama ozljeđivanja (n=1) i najmanji broj kvalificiranih ozljeda (n=7) identificiran je kod sudara u vožnji u slijedu. Udio priznatih ostalih ozljeda pri radu u prometu (službeno putovanje, dolazak na posao, odlazak s posla) unutar poduzeću Hrvatske šume d.o.o. za promatrano razdoblje, u odnosu na ukupan broj ozljeda, kreće se u rasponu od 5,14 % do 2,59 %. Spoznaje i rezultati predmetnog istraživanja široj stručnoj i znanstvenoj zajednici postavljaju potencijalni okvir za ujednačavanjem i podizanjem razine kvalitete kvalifikacije ozljeda kod četiri osnovna tipa prometnih nesreća.
The research shows that injuries in the world, as well as in Croatia, especially those resulting from traffic accidents, which are in the company Hrvatske šume Ltd. recorded as others, ie categorized along with other injuries at work, represent a significant public health and economic problem, for the wider community, but also for the company Hrvatske šume Ltd. At the same time, the planned measures and activities (primarily the National Road Safety Program of the Republic of Croatia, but also other plans from the state and company level) from year to year do not bring the expected results, ie the number of casualties is still high. Subject research seeks to mitigate the consequences of accidents, through the development of criteria for more accurate and precise classification of injuries as a prerequisite for many procedures, from treatment, rehabilitation, but also rights from employment and other relations, or proceedings before prosecutors, courts and insurance companies. The research covers an area that has not been researched so far or has been researched to a lesser extent in the Republic of Croatia and surrounding countries, and in addition to determining the framework for injury qualification, which should determine the cause-and-effect relationship of certain types of accidents (consecutive driving, side collision, head-on collision and overturning) and injuries that occur in them, with experiential and scientifically based notes related to individual injuries. In this way, the results of the research are an excellent tool, especially for those who are the first to qualify the injuries that a participant sustains in a car accident, or for the doctors who were the first to help the victims. The authors understand the complexity and severity of the moment in which these doctors qualify injuries (sometimes due to the severity of injuries and inability to contact with the injured). Namely, incorrect qualification in the first stage (although in possible future proceedings may be changed by expertise, which is not uncommon) may jeopardize the further course of treatment, rehabilitation, lead to unfounded criminal or misdemeanor proceedings or its absence even though it should have been conducted, and others numerous administrative and judicial proceedings of the participants in the accidents. Which for an individual and the community, and thus the company Hrvatske šume can have significant administrative difficulties and significant material costs. In addition to the primary goal of the research and its focus on doctors who are the first to qualify injuries, it should be useful for accident research services (police, state attorney’s office, courts, insurance companies, but also professional services of Hrvatske šume Ltd.), because they also offer the possibility of the reverse procedure, ie verification, especially in cases when the accident is subsequently reported, or the driver has left the scene, or there are doubts about the nature of the injured participant. Namely, the results of the research enable and instruct everyone involved in these processes, how to connect an individual injury - check with damage to the vehicle or suspect that it occurred there, or how to conduct a quality criminal investigation in this area, fix and describe damage and injuries. For employees of Hrvatske šume
Ltd. (but also all other services from the police, HGSS, to firefighters) who are not always able to call an ambulance in case of accidents with vehicles (because accidents happen on forest roads, often without a cell phone signal), or the arrival of an ambulance due to the distance is justifiably long, and the injured should be assisted, this work is extremely useful, because in addition to the qualification it describes the occurrence of damage in / on the vehicle and possible related injuries, and notes on how to recognize individual injuries. First aid to the injured, which, as we know, can in some cases save the life of the injured, but also reduce the consequences of the injury. The results of the research are classified into four overview tables for injury mechanisms in frontal collisions, side collisions, sequential collisions and vehicle overturns. The highest number of qualified injuries was found in frontal collisions (frontal) in which the largest number of injury mechanisms (4), and a total of 58 different injuries were identified, of which 24 qualify as ordinary serious bodily injury, 23 as particularly serious bodily injury, 10 as bodily injury and 1 as particularly severe with fatal consequences. For them, a total of 30 notes were entered in the tables, on how they are reported, what to pay attention to, etc. This indicates that these types of accidents are the most severe in terms of consequences (which are the most numerous for Hrvatske šume Ltd. when it comes to traffic accidents). In side collisions, the two most common mechanisms of injury were identified, and a total of 20 different injuries were identified, of which 8 qualify as ordinary serious bodily injury, 9 as particularly serious bodily injury and 3 as bodily injury. For these injuries, 10 notes are entered in the table. When the vehicle overturned, the three most common mechanisms of injury were identified, and a total of 16 different injuries were identified, of which 9 qualify as ordinary grievous bodily harm, 3 as particularly grievous bodily harm and 4 as bodily injury. 7 notes are entered in the table for these injuries. One injury mechanism was identified for collisions while driving in a sequence, and a total of 7 injuries were identified, of which 2 qualify as ordinary serious bodily injury and 5 as bodily injury. There are 2 notes for these injuries in the table. The presented statistical-analytical indicators of the company Hrvatske šume Ltd., along with other results of this research, are a good basis for further monitoring of injuries in the company, and can be a good basis for further identification (but also research on vehicle ergonomics and vehicle selection and protection, reduce the number and consequences of injuries) and assess the level of protection and safety at work in forest production, ie on the way to it, and increase competitiveness by developing mechanisms to improve educational, technical and safety competencies of human resources. And certainly, like the Ministry of the Interior, the indicators on the types of injuries to the god of uniformity should be harmonized with the terms from the Criminal Code described in this paper (especially severe, etc.).
U radu su prikazane sastavnice strukture ukupne nadzemne biomase stabala divlje trešnje (
Prunus avium
L.) na području spačvanskog bazena u Upravi šuma Podružnica Vinkovci. Istraživanja su obavljena ...na 120 primjernih stabala divlje trešnje, prsnih promjera od 10 do 72 cm i visine od 10,8 do 34,4 m. Drvni sortimenti izrađeni su prema Hrvatskim normama proizvoda iskorištavanja šuma iz 1995. godine.
Sortimentna struktura primjernih stabala divlje trešnje pokazuje znatna odstupanja u odnosu na tablice sortimentne strukture za voćkarice koje koristi trgovačko društvo „Hrvatske šume“ d.o.o. Zagreb. Udio trupaca za furnir kreće se od 9,29 % u debljinskom stupnju 37,5 cm do najviše 19,50 % u debljinskom stupnju 67,5 cm. Pilanski trupci prvog razreda kakvoće kreću se u rasponu od 12,04 % (72,5 cm) do 19,89 % (32,5 cm), a drugog razreda kakvoće od 17,30 % (62,5 cm) do 26,89 % (32,5 cm). Drvni sortiment tanke oblovine zastupljen je u debljinskom stupnju 17,5 cm sa 17,44 % te u debljinskom stupnju 22,5 cm sa 15,90 %, dok je u višim debljinskim stupnjevima značajno manje zastupljen. Udio prostornog drva je najveći u prvom debljinskom stupnju 88,76 % (12,5 cm) te u sljedeća dva sa 67,44 % i 47,71 %, a najmanji je u debljinskom stupnju 67,5 cm sa 27,01 %. Prosječni udio prostornoga drva iznosi 42,09 %. Otpad se u ukupnoj strukturi krupnog drva kreće od 11,24 % (12,5 cm) do 19,12 % (27,5 cm), a prosječno iznosi 16,47 %. Dvostruka debljina kore kreće se u rasponu od 0,53 cm do 3,37 cm, odnosno prosječno 1,66 ± 0,57 cm, a postotni udio kore kreće se od 4,77 % do 16,46 %, sa srednjom vrijednošću od 9,02 ± 2,01 %.
Utvrđeni su i parametri Schumacher-Hallove jednadžbe, gustoća drva, udio vode, obujam granjevine (promjera <7 cm) te struktura ukupne nadzemne biomase.
The paper presents the structure of the total above-ground biomass of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees in the area of the Spačva basin in the Vinkovci Forest Administration. The research was performed on 120 samples of wild cherry trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ranging from 10 to 72 cm and tree height ranging from 10.8 to 34.4 m. Timber assortments were processed according to the Croatian Standards for Forest Exploitation Products from 1995.
The assortment structure of sample wild cherry trees shows significant deviations in relation to the assortment structure tables used by the company ”Croatian Forests” Ltd. Zagreb. The share of veneer logs ranges from 9.29% (37.5 cm) to a maximum of 19.50% in the diameter class of 67.5 cm. Sawmill logs of the first quality class range from 12.04% (72.5 cm) to 19.89% (32.5 cm), and of the second quality class from 17.30% (62.5 cm) to 26, 89% (32.5 cm). Thin roundwood assortment is represented in the diameter class of 17.5 cm with 17.44% and immediately in the next with 15.90%, while in the higher diameter classes it is significantly less represented. The share of stacked wood (firewood and pulpwood) is the highest in the first diameter class, 88.76% (12.5 cm) and in the next two with 67.44% and 47.71%, and is the lowest in the diameter class 67.5 cm with share of 27.01%. The average share of stacked wood is 42.09%. Waste in the total structure ranges from 11.24 (12.5 cm) to 19.12% (27.5 cm), and is on average 16.47%. Double bark thickness ranges from 0.53 cm to 3.37 cm, with an average of 1.66 ± 0.57 cm, and the percentage of bark share ranges from 4.77% to 16.46%, with a mean value of 9.02 ± 2.01%.
The parameters of the Schumacher-Hall equation, wood density, moisture content, branch volume (diameter <7 cm) and the structure of total aboveground biomass were also determined.
Posljednje desetljeće obilježeno je povećanim zanimanjem privatnih šumovlasnika za gospodarenje svojim šumoposjedom zbog promjena na tržištu drvom uzrokovanih velikim udjelom državnih šuma jer se ...promjenom načina poslovanja državnoga poduzeća drvna industrija okreće prema drugim izvorima sirovine. Tradicionalno gospodarenje privatnom šumom razumijeva pridobivanje drva najčešće neplanski uz degradiranje šumskih staništa. Javne ustanove koje upravljaju pojedinim zaštićenim područjima sve su češće izložene suradnji sa svim dionicima kako bi se zadovoljile želje svih njih u skladu s međunarodnom i nacionalnom legislativom. U uvodnom dijelu rada prikazuju se osnovni podaci o privatnim šumama te problemi u gospodarenju šumama u zaštićenim područjima. U središnjem dijelu rada navode se kategorije zaštite prirode te institucije namijenjene operativnomu gospodarenju privatnim šumama. U rezultatima rada daje se pregled površina privatnih šuma i broja šumoposjednika uz drvnu zalihu te popis gospodarskih jedinica unutar Parka prirode Medvednica na temelju pregleda programa gospodarenja. U završnom dijelu prikazuje se moguće unaprjeđenje gospodarenja privatnim šumama na zaštićenim područjima.
The last decade has been marked by increased interest of private forest owners in managing their forestholdings due to changes in the wood market caused by a large share of state forests where the wood industry is turning to other sources of raw materials. Traditional private forest management implies the exploitation of wood mass, usually
unplanned, with the degradation of forest habitats. Public institutions
that manage individual protected areas are increasingly exposed to cooperation with all stakeholders in order to satisfy the wishes of all of them in accordance with international and national legislation. The introductory part of the paper presents the basic data on private forests and states the problems of forest management in protected areas.
The central part of the paper lists the categories of nature protection
and institutions intended for the operational management of private forests. The results of the paper provide an overview of the area of private forests and the number of forest owners with wood stock, as well
as a list of management units within the Nature Park based on an overview of management programs. The final part shows the possible improvement of the management of private forests in protected areas.
Šume i šumska zemljišta specifično su prirodno bogatstvo Republike Hrvatske. Primarna zadaća održivoga gospodarenja šumama pripada privatnim i javnim šumoposjednicima, pri čemu državnim šumama ...gospodare Hrvatske šume d.o.o i druge ustanove. Inspekcija i nadzor u šumarstvu, sukladno Zakonu o državnom inspektoratu, u nadležnosti je šumarske inspekcije, a unutar Hrvatskih šuma ustrojeni su odjeli za reviziju i nadzor. Uz njih neizostavnu ulogu u prevenciji i otkrivanju prekršaja i kaznenih djela vezanih uz šume imaju službenici policije koji tako pridonose interesima Republike Hrvatske u zaštiti šuma. Članak sadrži prijedloge uputa za njihovo postupanje, ali može biti od koristi ostalim inspekcijama i službama kako bi prepoznali nezakonitosti u situacijama nadzora sječe, prijevoza i prometa šumskim proizvodima (drvnim i nedrvnim), kada se osobe zateknu u kršenju zakonskih propisa iz toga područja te ostalih kaznenih djela i prekršaja koji se pojavljuju u tim slučajevima. Nadalje, daje se uputa kako kriminalističkim istraživanjem pravilno utvrditi činjenično stanje te kako provesti postupak podnošenja odgovarajućih dopisa s prilozima, odnosno dokazima nadležnoj inspekciji, prekršajnim sudovima ili državnomu odvjetništvu. Istodobno nedopuštene radnje opisane u članku u nekoliko slučajeva mogu imati obilježja kaznenih djela krađe, krivotvorenja isprava, ovjeravanja neistinitoga sadržaja, zlouporabe položaja i ovlasti. Rad obuhvaća i postupak kriminalističkoga istraživanja, izvida i podnošenja odgovarajućega izvješća ili kaznene prijave nadležnomu Državnomu odvjetništvu, koje je odgovorno za progon počinitelja kaznenih djela, ali je sukladno ovlastima legitimno.
Forests and forest lands are specific natural resources of the Republic of Croatia. Private and public forest owners have the primary task of providing sustainable forest management, with state forests being managed by Hrvatske šume Ltd. and other institutions. In accordance with the Law on State Inspectorate, inspection and supervision in forestry are the responsibility of the forestry inspection, and within the Croatian Forests, audit and supervision departments have been established. In addition, police officers play an indispensable role in the prevention and detection of forest-related offenses and criminal activities, thus contributing to the interests of the Republic of Croatia in terms of forest protection. This paper contains proposed instructions for their conduct, but may also be useful
to other inspections and services to identify illegal activities during
the control of felling, transport and trade of forest products (wood and non-wood), when people are found in violation of law in this area and in the case of other criminal offenses and misdemeanors. Furthermore, instructions are given on how to properly establish the facts through criminal investigation and how to submit appropriate letters with attachments, i.e. evidence to the competent inspection, misdemeanor courts or the State Attorney’s Office. At the same time, several cases of illicit acts described in this paper may have the characteristics of the criminal offenses of theft, forgery of documents,
verification of false content, and abuse of position and authority. The
paper also includes the procedure of criminal investigation, survey and
submission of an appropriate report or criminal report to the competent
State Attorney’s Office, which is responsible for prosecuting of perpetrators of criminal offenses, and is legitimate in accordance with its powers.
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