ABSTRACT
Drought and low temperature are two key environmental factors that induce adult citrus flowering. However, the underlying regulation mechanism is poorly understood. The bZIP transcription ...factor FD is a key component of the florigen activation complex (FAC) which is composed of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), FD, and 14‐3‐3 proteins. In this study, isolation and characterization of CiFD in citrus found that there was alternative splicing (AS) of CiFD, forming two different proteins (CiFDα and CiFDβ). Further investigation found that their expression patterns were similar in different tissues of citrus, but the subcellular localization and transcriptional activity were different. Overexpression of the CiFD DNA sequence (CiFD‐DNA), CiFDα, or CiFDβ in tobacco and citrus showed early flowering, and CiFD‐DNA transgenic plants were the earliest, followed by CiFDβ and CiFDα. Interestingly, CiFDα and CiFDβ were induced by low temperature and drought, respectively. Further analysis showed that CiFDα can form a FAC complex with CiFT, Ci14‐3‐3, and then bind to the citrus APETALA1 (CiAP1) promoter and promote its expression. However, CiFDβ can directly bind to the CiAP1 promoter independently of CiFT and Ci14‐3‐3. These results showed that CiFDβ can form a more direct and simplified pathway that is independent of the FAC complex to regulate drought‐induced flowering through AS. In addition, a bHLH transcription factor (CibHLH96) binds to CiFD promoter and promotes the expression of CiFD under drought condition. Transgenic analysis found that CibHLH96 can promote flowering in transgenic tobacco. These results suggest that CiFD is involved in drought‐ and low‐temperature‐induced citrus flowering through different regulatory patterns.
In citrus, alternative splicing of the transcription factor gene CiFD produces two different proteins, CiFDα and CiFDβ At low temperature, CiFDα forms a complex with CiFLOWERING LOCUS T and Ci14‐3‐3 to activate the expression of CiAPETALA1. Under drought conditions, CiFDβ directly binds to the CiAPETALA1 promoter to induce flowering.
Ginseng is a group of cosmopolitan plants with more than a dozen species belonging to the genus
in the family
that has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Among the bioactive ...constituents extracted from ginseng, ginseng saponins are a group of natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins found exclusively throughout the plant. Studies have shown that these ginseng saponins play a significant role in exerting multiple therapeutic effects. This review covers their chemical structure and classification, as well as their pharmacological activities, including their regulatory effects on immunomodulation, their anticancer effects, and their functions in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. The general benefits of ginseng saponins for boosting physical vitality and improving quality of life are also discussed. The review concludes with fruitful directions for future research in the use of ginseng saponins as effective therapeutic agents.
The precise and large-scale identification of intact glycopeptides is a critical step in glycoproteomics. Owing to the complexity of glycosylation, the current overall throughput, data quality and ...accessibility of intact glycopeptide identification lack behind those in routine proteomic analyses. Here, we propose a workflow for the precise high-throughput identification of intact N-glycopeptides at the proteome scale using stepped-energy fragmentation and a dedicated search engine. pGlyco 2.0 conducts comprehensive quality control including false discovery rate evaluation at all three levels of matches to glycans, peptides and glycopeptides, improving the current level of accuracy of intact glycopeptide identification. The N-glycoproteome of samples metabolically labeled with
N/
C were analyzed quantitatively and utilized to validate the glycopeptide identification, which could be used as a novel benchmark pipeline to compare different search engines. Finally, we report a large-scale glycoproteome dataset consisting of 10,009 distinct site-specific N-glycans on 1988 glycosylation sites from 955 glycoproteins in five mouse tissues.Protein glycosylation is a heterogeneous post-translational modification that generates greater proteomic diversity that is difficult to analyze. Here the authors describe pGlyco 2.0, a workflow for the precise one step identification of intact N-glycopeptides at the proteome scale.
Highly active photocatalysts driving chemical reactions are of paramount importance toward renewable energy substitutes and environmental protection. As a fascinating Aurivillius phase material, ...Bi2MoO6 has been the hotspot in photocatalytic applications due to its visible light absorption, nontoxicity, low cost, and high chemical durability. However, pure Bi2MoO6 suffers from low efficiency in separating photogenerated carriers, small surface area, and poor quantum yield, resulting in low photocatalytic activity. Various strategies, such as morphology control, doping/defect‐introduction, metal deposition, semiconductor combination, and surface modification with conjugative π structures, have been systematically explored to improve the photocatalytic activity of Bi2MoO6. To accelerate further developments of Bi2MoO6 in the field of photocatalysis, this comprehensive Review endeavors to summarize recent research progress for the construction of highly efficient Bi2MoO6‐based photocatalysts. Furthermore, benefiting from the enhanced photocatalytic activity of Bi2MoO6‐based materials, various photocatalytic applications including water splitting, pollutant removal, and disinfection of bacteria, were introduced and critically reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of Bi2MoO6 are pointed out. This comprehensive Review is expected to consolidate the existing fundamental theories of photocatalysis and pave a novel avenue to rationally design highly efficient Bi2MoO6‐based photocatalysts for environmental pollution control and green energy development.
γ‐Bi2MoO6 has been the hotspot in the field of photocatalysis due to its distinctive intrinsic properties. This Review summarizes recent modulation strategies and major photocatalytic applications of γ‐Bi2MoO6. Importantly, the current research status and the challenges and potentials of this material are also highlighted. The aim is to pave a novel avenue to rationally design highly efficient Bi2MoO6‐based photocatalysts.
Summary Background Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common gastric pathogens, affecting at least half the world's population, and is strongly associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric ...adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma. We aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a three-dose oral recombinant H pylori vaccine in children in China. Methods We did this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial at one centre in Ganyu County, Jiangsu Province, China. Healthy children aged 6–15 years without past or present H pylori infection were randomly assigned (1:1), via computer-generated randomisation codes in blocks of ten, to receive the H pylori vaccine or placebo. Participants, their guardians, and study investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The primary efficacy endpoint was the occurrence of H pylori infection within 1 year after vaccination. We did analysis in the per-protocol population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT02302170. Findings Between Dec 2, 2004, and March 19, 2005, we randomly assigned 4464 participants to either the vaccine group (n=2232) or the placebo group (n=2232), of whom 4403 (99%) participants completed the three-dose vaccination schedule and were included in the per-protocol efficacy analysis. We extended follow-up to 3 years. We recorded 64 events of H pylori infection within the first year (14 events in 2074·3 person-years at risk in the vaccine group vs 50 events in 2089·6 person-years at risk in the placebo group), resulting in a vaccine efficacy of 71·8% (95% CI 48·2–85·6). 157 (7%) participants in the vaccine group and 161 (7%) participants in the placebo group reported at least one adverse reaction. Serious adverse events were reported in five (<1%) participants in the vaccine group and seven (<1%) participants in the placebo group, but none was considered to be vaccination related. Interpretation The oral recombinant H pylori vaccine was effective, safe, and immunogenic in H pylori -naive children. This vaccine could substantially reduce the incidence of H pylori infection; however, follow up over a longer period is needed to confirm the protection of the vaccine against H pylori -associated diseases. Funding Chongqing Kangwei Biological Technology.
Background and Aims
NAFLD is considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, which includes insulin resistance, obesity and hyperlipidemia. NASH is a progressive stage of NAFLD ...with severe hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte death, inflammation, and fibrosis. Currently, no pharmacological interventions specifically tailored for NASH are approved. Ovarian tumor domain, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1 (OTUB1), the founding member of deubiquitinases, regulates many metabolism‐associated signaling pathways. However, the role of OTUB1 in NASH is unclarified.
Methods and Results
We demonstrated that mice with Otub1 deficiency exhibited aggravated high‐fat diet–induced and high‐fat high‐cholesterol (HFHC) diet–induced hyperinsulinemia and liver steatosis. Notably, hepatocyte‐specific overexpression of Otub1 markedly alleviated HFHC diet–induced hepatic steatosis, inflammatory responses, and liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, we identified apoptosis signal–regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) as a key candidate target of OTUB1 through RNA‐sequencing analysis and immunoblot analysis. Through immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry analysis, we further found that OTUB1 directly bound to tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and suppressed its lysine 63–linked polyubiquitination, thus inhibiting the activation of ASK1 and its downstream pathway.
Conclusions
OTUB1 is a key suppressor of NASH that inhibits polyubiquitinations of TRAF6 and attenuated TRAF6‐mediated ASK1 activation. Targeting the OTUB1‐TRAF6‐ASK1 axis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for NASH.
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), as an original kind of organic–inorganic porous material, are constructed with metal centers and organic linkers via a coordination complexation reaction. Among ...uncountable MOF materials, iron‐containing metal organic frameworks (Fe‐MOFs) have excellent potential in practical applications owing to their many fascinating properties, such as diverse structure types, low toxicity, preferable stability, and tailored functionality. Here, recent research progresses of Fe‐MOFs in attractive features, synthesis, and multifunctional applications are described. Fe‐MOFs with porosity and tailored functionality are discussed according to the design of building blocks. Four types of synthetic methods including solvothermal, hydrothermal, microwave, and dry gel conversion synthesis are illustrated. Finally, the applications of Fe‐MOFs in Li‐ion batteries, sensors, gas storage, separation in gas and liquid phases, and catalysis are elucidated, focusing on the mechanism. The aim is to provide prospects for extending Fe‐MOFs in more practical applications.
Iron‐containing metal organic frameworks (Fe‐MOFs) have attracted intensive attention due to their unique topological structure and exploitable properties. Owing to the functional applications in electrochemical devices and its adsorbent and photo‐electrocatalyst properties, Fe‐MOFs have become an emerging hot topic for high‐performance energy conversion devices, gas/liquid separation, and advanced catalysis.
Fiber structures with nanoscale diameters offer many fascinating features, such as excellent mechanical properties and high specific surface areas, making them attractive for many applications. Among ...a variety of technologies for preparing nanofibers, electrospinning is rapidly evolving into a simple process, which is capable of forming diverse morphologies due to its flexibility, functionality, and simplicity. In such review, more emphasis is put on the construction of polymer nanofiber structures and their potential applications. Other issues of electrospinning device, mechanism, and prospects, are also discussed. Specifically, by carefully regulating the operating condition, modifying needle device, optimizing properties of the polymer solutions, some unique structures of core⁻shell, side-by-side, multilayer, hollow interior, and high porosity can be obtained. Taken together, these well-organized polymer nanofibers can be of great interest in biomedicine, nutrition, bioengineering, pharmaceutics, and healthcare applications.
Multifunctional hydrogels have important applications in various fields such as artificial muscles, wearable devices, soft robotics, and tissue engineering, especially for those with favorable ...mechanical properties, good low-temperature resistance, and stimuli-responsive capabilities. In the current study, a type of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate/carbon nanotube (PAAm/SA/CNT) double-network (DN) hydrogel was fabricated, which exhibited a high tensile strength of 271.68 ± 6.04 kPa, a favorable conductivity of 1.38 ± 0.17 S·m–1, and a good self-healing ability under heating conditions. In addition, the composite hydrogel exhibited controllable photomechanical deformations under near-infrared irradiation, such as bending, swelling, swimming, and object grasping. To further broaden the applications of the hydrogel in low-temperature environments, calcium chloride (CaCl2) was introduced into such a PAAm/SA/CNT DN hydrogel as an additive. Interestingly, the tensile/compressive strengths as well as elasticity were well-maintained at a temperature as low as −20 °C. In addition, the PAAm/SA/CNT/CaCl2 hydrogel presented excellent conductivity, recoverability, and strain-sensing capability under such extreme conditions. Overall, the investigations conducted in this paper have provided potentially new methods and inspirations for the generation of multifunctional PAAm/SA/CNT/CaCl2 hybrid DN hydrogels toward extended applications.
The prevalence of sarcopenia and its clinical predictors and clinical impact vary among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), in part because of different diagnostic criteria. This study aimed to ...assess the reported diagnosis criteria of sarcopenia and compare them in terms of prevalence, clinical predictors, and impact of sarcopenia. The Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for the full‐length reports published until 28 January 2022. The subgroup analysis, meta‐regression, and sensitivity analysis were performed and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2. A total of 681 studies were retrieved, among which only 23 studies (including 2535 subjects, 59.7% men, mean age 49.8 years) were eventually included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence in these included studies was 26% 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 20–34%, I2 = 93.45%, including 22% (95% CI: 14–32%, I2 = 88.76%) in men and 27% (95% CI: 14–41%, I2 = 90.56%) in women (P = 0.554 between subgroups). The prevalence of sarcopenia diagnosed using low muscle mass was 34% (95% CI: 21–48%, I2 = 95.28%), and the prevalence of using low muscle mass in combination with low muscle strength and/or low physical performance was 21% (95% CI: 15–28%, I2 = 90.37%) (P = 0.08 between subgroups). In meta‐regression analyses, the mean age (regression coefficient: 1.001, 95% CI: 0.991–1.011) and percentage male (regression coefficient: 0.846, 95% CI: 0.367–1.950) could not predict the effect size. Lower body mass index (odds ratio (OR): 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39–0.84, I2 = 61.5%), female sex (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16–0.61, I2 = 0.0%), and higher age (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05–1.10, I2 = 10.1%) were significantly associated with a higher risk for sarcopenia in KTRs, but phase angle (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.16–4.26, I2 = 84.5%) was not associated with sarcopenia in KTRs. Sarcopenia was not associated with rejections (risk ratio (RR): 0.67, 95% CI: 0.23–1.92, I2 = 12.1%), infections (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.34–3.12, I2 = 87.4%), delayed graft functions (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.46–1.43, I2 = 0.0%), and death (RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.32–2.82, I2 = 0.0%) in KRTs. Sarcopenia was found to be very common in KRTs. However, we have not found that sarcopenia had a negative impact on clinical health after kidney transplantation. Large study cohorts and multicentre longitudinal studies in the future are urgently needed to explore the prevalence and prognosis of sarcopenia in kidney transplant patients.
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