We present a new shear velocity model of the upper mantle beneath the East Asia region derived by inverting Rayleigh wave group velocity measurements between 10 and 145 s combined with previously ...published Rayleigh wave phase velocity measurements between 150 and 250 s. Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curves along more than 9500 paths were measured and combined to produce 2D dispersion maps for 10–145 s periods. The group velocity maps benefit from the inclusion of new data recorded by the China National Seismic Network and surrounding global stations. The increase in available data has resulted in enhanced resolution compared with previously published group velocity maps; the horizontal resolution across the region is about 3° for the periods used in this study. The new shear-wave velocity models indicate varying velocity structure beneath eastern China, which yields estimates of a lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth from around 160 km beneath the Yangtze block to approximately 140 km beneath the western part of the North China Craton (NCC), up to depths of 70–100 km beneath the eastern NCC, Northeast China, and the Cathaysia block. The models reveal the subduction of two opposite-facing continental plates under the southern and northern margin of Tibet. An obvious low-velocity anomaly appears in the top 200 km of the upper mantle beneath northern Tibet, which is inconsistent with the presence of subducted Asian or Indian mantle lithosphere beneath northern Tibet. The Cenozoic volcanism fields in the Mongolian plateau are characterized by an obvious upper mantle negative anomaly, but no signature of deep-seated plume was observed.
•We present a new shear velocity model of the upper mantle beneath the East Asia region.•Our results provide constraints on geodynamic processes in East Asia.•Our models indicate varying velocity structure beneath the eastern China.•The Tibetan lithosphere is underthrust by the Asian plate from the north and Indian plate from south.•We observe no clear evidence of deep-seated plumes beneath the SW Baikal and western Mongolia.
Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound with potent chemopreventive and anti-cancer efficacy.
To explore the potential anti-metastasis efficacy of curcumin in breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs), which ...are increasingly considered to be the origin of the recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer.
A CCK8 assay was performed to evaluate cell viability, and a colony formation assay was conducted to determine cell proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 adherent cells. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to detect the effect of curcumin on cell migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells. Mammospheres were cultured with serum free medium (SFM) for three generations and the BCSC surface marker CD44+CD24−/low subpopulation was measured by flow cytometry. Mammosphere formation and differentiation abilities were determined after cell treatment with curcumin. Then, a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was conducted to detect the relative mRNA level of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker genes and western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression of stem cell genes in mammospheres treated with curcumin.
Curcumin exhibited anti-proliferative and colony formation inhibiting activities in both the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. It also suppressed the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. The CD44+CD24−/low subpopulation was larger in mammospheres when MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 adherent cells were cultured with SFM. Further studies revealed that curcumin inhibited mammosphere formation and differentiation abilities. Moreover, curcumin down-regulated the mRNA expression of Vimentin, Fibronectin, and β-catenin, and up-regulated E-cadherin mRNA expression levels. Western blot analysis demonstrated that curcumin decreased the protein expression of stem cell genes including Oct4, Nanog and Sox2.
The results of the present study suggest that the inhibitor effects of curcumin on breast cancer cells may be related to resistance to cancer stem-like characters and the EMT process. These data indicate that curcumin could function as a type of anti-metastasis agent for breast cancer.
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•Temperature-controlled ultrasound (US) bath was created in our present study.•Meat batters with 50% phosphate reduction were sonicated before cooking.•25 min was the optimal US time ...to eliminate the defects caused by reduced phosphates.•US treatment did not enhance the lipid oxidation of reduced-phosphate frankfurters.•Except for time, constant low temperature control was another crucial factor.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound treatments with different durations (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 min) at a low static temperature (12 °C) controlled by an intelligent temperature control and monitoring system on the quality of 50% reduced-phosphate frankfurters. The results show that without ultrasound treatment, phosphate reduction caused some obvious deficits in the textural properties, sensorial parameters, and oxidative stability of frankfurters. Moreover, 25-min ultrasound treatment could significantly lower the cooking loss and enhance emulsion stability, textural properties, and sensorial parameters of reduced phosphate frankfurters, which was also verified by dynamic water distribution analysis and microstructural observation. Additionally, low constant temperature during ultrasound treatment was another crucial factor in retarding lipid oxidation during storage. Therefore, ultrasound treatment with moderate duration and stable low temperature could be considered a successful approach to obtain healthier reduced-phosphate frankfurters under the “clean label” concept.
We present new, high‐resolution constraints on crustal and uppermost mantle structure of the southeastern, eastern, and northeastern Tibetan plateau and adjacent regions by combining extensive data ...from three regional‐scale dense seismic arrays. Our results show significant differences in the crustal and uppermost mantle structure within the Songpan‐Ganzi terrane. The southern part has a thick crust and high Poisson's ratio, while the crustal thickness becomes less and Poisson's ratio is nearly normal in the northeast. Prominent low‐velocity anomalies appear beneath both the southern and northeastern Songpan‐Ganzi terrane at depths of 20–40 km, but they are not interconnected. Seismic velocities of the uppermost mantle are slow in the northeastern Songpan‐Ganzi terrane relative to the south. We further find that the crust of the central Qilian orogen is thickened but with remarkable low Poisson's ratio. Low velocities are visible in both the mid‐lower crust and uppermost mantle, similar to the northeastern Songpan‐Ganzi terrane. For comparison, the crustal low velocities are less pronounced beneath the central Qilian orogen. High Poisson's ratio and the mid‐lower crustal anomaly of the southern Songpan‐Ganzi terrane strongly indicate partial melting of the crust. Localized asthenospheric upwelling, however, can account for the coincident anomalies in both the mid‐lower crust and uppermost mantle beneath the northeastern Songpan‐Ganzi terrane and central Qilian orogen. We conclude that outward expansion of the Tibetan plateau has evolved by a combination of crustal flow on its southeastern margin and mantle upwelling likely induced by removal of thickened lithosphere on its easternmost and northeastern edges.
Key Points
Variation in crustal and uppermost mantle structures within the Songpan‐Ganzi terrane
The crustal and uppermost mantle structures are correlated beneath the northeastern Songpan‐Ganzi terrane and central Qilian orogen
Tibet has evolved by crustal flow on its southeastern margin and localized mantle upwelling on its easternmost and northeastern edges
Over 2 years of broadband seismic data from 27 temporary stations deployed in the Arxan‐Chaihe Volcanic Field (ACVF) provides us a valued opportunity to study mantle deformation and related ...geodynamic processes in NE China intraplate region. We estimated 153 pairs of high‐quality teleseismic shear wave splitting parameters at 22 stations and 98 non‐splitting measurements at 19 stations. Most of the stations in ACVF are characterized by NNW–SSE trending fast directions with variable splitting delay times, suggesting the fossilized extensional deformation within the lithosphere is locally thermal erased by the hot mantle upwellings associated with the volcanism. In the region south of the 46.5°N, a sharp swing of fast polarization occurs, and both nearly NW‐SE and W‐E oriented fast directions are observed, which could be explained by small local mantle convection caused by the lithospheric delamination.
Plain Language Summary
The Arxan‐Chaihe Volcanic Field (ACVF) contains over 40 intraplate volcanoes located in northeast China. To study the upper mantle deformation features under the ACVF, 29 temporary local seismic stations were installed, and the observation lasted over 2 years. Taking the advantage of these seismic data, we measured shear wave splitting parameters using the teleseismic phase SKS/SKKS. Overall, 153 pairs of splitting parameters and 98 non‐splitting measurements were obtained at 22 and 19 stations, respectively. We believed that the ancient extension deformation was preserved in the lithospheric mantle as fossilized anisotropy since the fast directions we measured are subparallel to the extension direction. Moreover, such fossilized anisotropy was possibly eroded later by the hot mantle upwellings associated with the volcanism as manifested by the variable splitting delay times. Nevertheless, an abrupt change of direction occurs in the region south of the 46.5°N, and both nearly NW‐SE and W‐E oriented fast directions are observed. We preferred to interpret this feature by the existence of small local mantle convection which is caused by the sinking of lithosphere block into the asthenosphere.
Key Points
Our shear wave splitting measurements display variable delay times and fast directions around the Arxan‐Chaihe Volcanic Field
The change of the splitting times suggests the fossilized lithosphere deformation is locally thermal eroded by hot mantle upwellings
The sharp swing of the fast directions could be explained by local mantle convection induced by lithospheric delamination
The eastern region of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions have gentle to moderate topographic gradients, contrasting the steep margins in northern and southern Tibet. The mechanisms for ...plateau growth in eastern Tibet are uncertain so far. Here we present a new shear wave tomography model of the Tibetan Plateau derived from S wave traveltimes from teleseismic waveforms recorded by the dense ChinArray seismic network. The model reveals the deep structures beneath the eastern region of the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions, showing clear velocity contrast boundaries roughly along the eastern margins of the Tibetan Plateau. We interpret the slow velocity anomalies beneath the Tibetan Plateau as soft lithosphere, which absorbed most of the northeastward push of the Indian Plate, while the fast velocity anomalies beneath the region surrounding the plateau represent craton‐like rigid block roots. The deformation of the soft/weak lithospheric mantle beneath the Tibetan Plateau is constrained by the convergence between the Indian and Eurasian plates, and the framework of the surrounding rigid blocks. We suggest that weak lithosphere deformation (horizontal shortening and vertical stretching) accounts for the plateau growth in eastern Tibet.
Key Points
A 3‐D tomographic S model is proposed using a large‐scale dense seismic array
The model shows clear velocity contrast boundaries roughly along the eastern margins of the Tibetan Plateau
Plateau growth in eastern Tibet is due to the deformation of weak lithosphere squeezed by surrounding rigid blocks
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•Ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction (UAE) was used to extract protein.•Tenebrio molitor larvae protein (TMP) was extract by UAE.•Different UAE times altered the structural ...properties of TMP.•In vitro digestion of TMP was also changed with UAE time.•The optimal UAE time to extract TMP with highest digestibility was 30 min.
Edible insects have been considered as a sustainable and novel protein source to replace animal-derived proteins. The present study aimed to extract Tenebrio molitor larvae proteins (TMP) using ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction (UAE). Effects of different UAE times (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min) on the structural properties and in vitro digestibility of TMP were comparatively investigated with the traditional alkaline extraction method. The results revealed that ultrasonication could effectively alter the secondary/tertiary structures and thermal stability of TMP during UAE. The molecular unfolding and subsequent aggregation of TMP during UAE were mainly attributed to the formation of disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, TMP extracted by UAE had higher in vitro digestibility and digestion kinetics than those extracted without ultrasound, and the intermediate UAE time (30 min) was the optimal ultrasound parameter. However, longer UAE times (40 and 50 min) lowered the digestibility of TMP due to severe protein aggregation. The present work provides a potential strategy for the extraction of TMP with higher nutritional values.
We present shear wave splitting results obtained from the analysis of teleseismic SKS, SKKS and PKS phases recorded by 70 permanent seismographic stations located in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. ...We identify a contrast in the splitting pattern complexity beneath different parts of NE Tibet. In the western and northern part, anisotropy observations are well explained by a single layer of anisotropy with a fast anisotropic direction trending NWW–SEE or NW–SE. In Xining and its adjacent area, the anisotropy shows strong azimuthal dependence of splitting parameters that can be modeled by two anisotropic layers. The fast direction for the upper layer lies in the N75–95°E range, which is consistent with the surface movement direction determined from GPS, and could be associated with middle to lower crustal flow. The fast direction in the lower layer is in the N105–125°E range and similar to the direction observed in the western and northern part where only a single layer is required. These NWW–SEE or NW–SE fast feature could be related to the current orogenesis induced from the India–Eurasia collision, or flow in the asthenosphere related to the absolute motion of Eurasia. Comparison between the anisotropy patterns expected from proposed models with our shear wave splitting observation suggests that no unique geodynamic model can reconcile all splitting measurements for such a complex region.
► Upper mantle deformation beneath NE Tibet is revealed by shear wave splitting analyses. ► A contrast in the splitting pattern beneath different parts of NE Tibet is identified. ► Azimuthal variations of splitting parameters were seen for stations near Xining. ► No unique geodynamic model can reconcile all splitting observations in NE Tibet.
A schematic illustration of Rg3-PTX-LPs to reverse cancer drug resistance. (A) Ginsenoside Rg3 substitutes cholesterol as the membrane material in preparing Rg3-PTX-LPs. (B) The immunosuppressive and ...drug resistance tumor microenvironment. (C) Rg3-PTX-LPs downregulate the expression of Pgp and reduce the efflux of PTX from the cell. (D) Rg3-PTX-LPs remodel TME by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3/p-STAT3 pathway activation to repolarize protumor M2 macrophages to antitumor M1 phenotype, suppressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), decreasing tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) and collagen fibers in TME, and Inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.
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•Functional Rg3-based liposomes loaded with paclitaxel (Rg3-PTX-LPs) can specifically distribute to MCF7/T cancer cells and TME simultaneously, mainly through the recognition of GLUT-1.•Rg3-PTX-LPs can promote apoptosis of tumor cells and remodel TME to reverse the MDR state effectively.•Rg3-PTX-LPs can repolarize protumor M2 macrophages to antitumor M1 phenotype, suppressing MDSCs, and decreasing TAFs and collagen fibers in TME by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3/p-STAT3 pathway.
Inherent or acquired resistance to paclitaxel (PTX) is a pivotal challenge for chemotherapy treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) breast cancer. Although various targeted drug-delivery systems, including nanoparticles and liposomes, are effective for MDR cancer treatment, their efficacy is restricted by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME).
Ginsenosides Rg3 was used to formulate unique Rg3-based liposomes loaded with PTX to establish Rg3-PTX-LPs, which were prepared by the thin-film hydration method. The stability of the Rg3-PTX-LPs was evaluated by particle size analysis through dynamic light scattering. The active targeting effect of Rg3-based liposomes was examined in an MCF-7/T xenograft model by an in a vivo imaging system. To evaluate the antitumor activity and mechanism of Rg3-PTX-LP, MTT, apoptosis assays, TAM regulation, and TME remodeling were performed in MCF-7/T cells in vitro and in vivo.
Rg3-PTX-LPs could specifically distribute to MCF7/T cancer cells and TME simultaneously, mainly through the recognition of GLUT-1. The drug resistance reversing capability and in vivo antitumor effect of Rg3-PTX-LPs were significantly improved compared with conventional cholesterol liposomes. The TME remodeling mechanisms of Rg3-PTX-LPs included inhibiting IL-6/STAT3/p-STAT3 pathway activation to repolarize protumor M2 macrophages to antitumor M1 phenotype, suppressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), decreasing tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) and collagen fibers in TME, and promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. Hence, through the dual effects of targeting tumor cells and TME remodeling, Rg3-PTX-LPs achieved a high tumor inhibition rate of 90.3%.
Our multifunctional Rg3-based liposome developed in the present study offered a promising strategy for rescuing the drug resistance tumor treatment.
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•Ultrasound (US) was assisted to extract Tenebrio molitor larvae protein (TMLP).•US-assisted alkaline extraction enhanced the extraction yield of TMLP.•Peleg's model is a suitable ...model to represent the extraction kinetics of TMLP.•US altered the secondary structure, particle size and amino acid profiles of TMLP.•Functionalities of TMLP were enhanced by US-assisted alkaline extraction.
Currently, as a promising alternative protein source, the interest of edible insect protein has been continuously increased. However, the extraction processing had distinct effects on the physicochemical properties and functionalities of this novel and sustainable protein. In this study, Tenebrio molitor larvae protein (TMLP) was extracted via ultrasound (US)-assisted alkaline extraction. The changes of extraction kinetics, physicochemical characteristics, and functional properties of TMLP as a function of US time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min) were investigated. The results showed that 30 min US treatment rendered the maximum protein yield (60.04 %) (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, Peleg's model was considered a suitable model to represent the extraction kinetics of TMLP, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9942. Moreover, the protein secondary structure, particle size, and amino acid profiles of TMLP were changed under the US-assisted alkaline extraction process. Additionally, a significant improvement of the functional properties of TMLP extracted with this method was observed compared to traditional alkaline extraction. In conclusion, the present work suggests that US-assisted alkaline extraction could be considered as a potential method to improve the protein yield, quality profiles, and functional properties of TMLP.
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