To explore the CT characteristics of small lung nodules and improve the diagnosis of pulmonary ground-glass nodules less than 10 mm in size.
We retrospectively analyzed CT images of 161 pulmonary ...nodules (less than 10 mm in size) with spiculation, lobulation, vacuoles, and pleural indentation and compared these images with pathological results or follow-up CT images. The relationships between the ground-glass nodules (GGNs) and blood vessels were observed. The GGN-vessel relationship was divided into four types, Type I (pass-by), Type II (pass-through), Type III (distorted/dilated), Type IV (complicated). The vessels traveling through a GGN were divided into three categories, category A (arteries), category B (veins), category C (arteries and veins).
161 GGNs were divided into three groups (benign group, pre-invasive group, and adenocarcinoma group) according to their pathological diagnosis. Significant differences in density of nodules were observed among the three different groups (p < 0.05). Significant differences in the shape (round/round-like or not) of the nodules were observed between the benign group and the pre-invasive group and between the pre-invasive group and the adenocarcinoma group (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the presence of vacuoles were observed between the benign group and the pre-invasive group or between the pre-invasive group and the adenocarcinoma group (p ＞0.05), but a significant difference was observed between the benign group and the adenocarcinoma group (p < 0.05). The differences in the vascularization of the lesions among the three groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). No significant differences or correlations were observed between vascular categories and GGN groups (p > 0.05).
For subcentimeter nodules, mixed GGNs with vacuoles, well-defined border, combined with Type III or Type IV GGN-vessel relationship may strongly suggest malignant.
Previous studies mainly focused on CT diagnosis of pulmonary nodules (≤ 3 cm in diameter), but this study focused on ground-glass nodules less than 10 mm in diameter, which had not been fully studied. For subcentimeter nodules, mixed GGNs with vacuoles, well-defined border, especially the GGN-vessel relationship manifest as Type III (distorted/dilated) or Type IV (complicated) may strongly suggest malignant.
•Quartz sand filter was surface modified using KH550.•KH550 was grafted to the quartz sand surface by chemical bond.•The wetting weight for water of modified quartz sand is decreased 96.11%.•The oily ...wastewater treatment performance is greatly improved.
In order to increase the oily wastewater treatment performance, the hydrophobicity of quartz sand filter medium was improved by surface modification using 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane coupling agent (KH550). The interfacial interactions between quartz sand surface and KH550 as well as the wettability of quartz sand filter before and after surface modified were studied. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that the silane coupling agent molecular binds strongly to quartz sand surface. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) observation showed that a thin layer was formed on the surface of modified quartz sand. Wettability study confirmed that the hydrophobicity of surface modified quartz sand was extremely increased than original quartz sand. The results indicate that the silane coupling agent play an important role in improving the hydrophobicity of quartz sand filter, and the oily wastewater treatment performance is greatly improved after surface modified.
Abstract
Advanced oxidation process (AOP) has attracted widespread attention because it can effectively remove antibiotics in water, but its practical engineering application is limited by the ...problems of the low efficiency and difficult recovery of the catalyst. In the study, nano-spinel CoFe2O4 was prepared by hydrothermal method and served as the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalyst to degrade antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX). The reaction parameters such as CoFe2O4 dosage, AMX concentration, and initial pH value were also optimized. The reaction mechanism was proposed through free radical capture experiment and possible degradation pathway analysis. In addition, the magnetic recovery performance and stability of the catalyst were evaluated. Results showed that 85.5% of AMX could be removed within 90 min at optimal conditions. Sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals were the active species for AMX degradation. Moreover, the catalyst showed excellent magnetism and stability in the cycle experiment, which has great potential in the AOP treatment of antibiotic polluted wastewater.
Fabricating a robust interfacial layer on the lithium metal anode to isolate it from liquid electrolyte is vital to restrain the rapid degradation of a lithium metal battery. Here, we report that the ...solution-processed metal chloride perovskite thin film can be coated onto the lithium metal surface as a robust interfacial layer to shield the lithium metal from liquid electrolyte. Via phase analysis and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that the perovskite layer can allow fast lithium ion shuttle under a low energy barrier of 0.45 eV without the collapse of framework. Such perovskite modification can realize stable cycling of LiCoO
|Li cells with an areal capacity of 2.8 mAh cm
using thin lithium metal foil (50 μm) and limited electrolyte (20 μl mAh
) for over 100 cycles at 0.5 C. The metal chloride perovskite protection strategy could open a promising avenue for advanced lithium metal batteries.
Sorbicillinoids are important hexaketide metabolites derived from fungi. They have a variety of biological activities including cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiviral and antimicrobial activity. The ...unique structural features of the sorbicillinoids make them attractive candidates for developing new pharmaceutical and agrochemical agents. About 90 sorbicillinoids have been reported in the past few decades. This mini-review aims to briefly summarize their occurrence, structures, and biological activities.
Hydrogen generation via photocatalysis‐driven water splitting provides a convenient approach to turn solar energy into chemical fuel. The development of photocatalysis system that can effectively ...harvest visible light for hydrogen generation is an essential task in order to utilize this technology. Herein, a kind of cadmium free Zn–Ag–In–S (ZAIS) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) that shows remarkably photocatalytic efficiency in the visible region is developed. More importantly, a nanocomposite based on the combination of 0D ZAIS CQDs and 2D MoS2 nanosheet is developed. This can leverage the strong light harvesting capability of CQDs and catalytic performance of MoS2 simultaneously. As a result, an excellent external quantum efficiency of 40.8% at 400 nm is achieved for CQD‐based hydrogen generation catalyst. This work presents a new platform for the development of high‐efficiency photocatalyst based on 0D–2D nanocomposite.
A nanocomposite based on the combination of 0D Zn‐Ag‐In‐S quantum dots (QDs) as an efficient visible‐light harvester, and 2D MoS2 nanosheet as a catalyst is fabricated for solar‐driven hydrogen generation. By reducing the defects of QDs and accelerating carrier separation between the QDs and the nanosheet, an excellent quantum efficiency of 41% at 400 nm is achieved.
Developing photothermal agents (PTAs) for tumor therapy has three prerequisites: selectively targeting tumors, efficiently converting near‐infrared (NIR) photoenergy to heat, and degrading after the ...cure. These make up a combination rarely found in one material. Here a metal‐acid treatment is reported to hydrogenate metal oxide, bestowing the produced HxMoO3 with metal‐like electronic structure which enables harvesting NIR‐II light (1000−1350 nm wavelength). Importantly, created by putting acid protons into oxide, the HxMoO3 nanomaterial can resist attacking from protons in acids but is vulnerable to hydroxyl ions in alkaline. After entering biological organism, HxMoO3 PTAs persist long in acidic tumor microenvironment (TME, extracellular pH 6.5–6.9) while degrade quickly under the normal physiological environment (pH 7.2−7.4), naturally causing tumor‐selective accumulation. Under 1064 nm NIR‐II illumination, the HxMoO3 achieves a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 60.9%, leading to a high tumor inhibition rate of ≈97.25%. Such a novel PTAs integrates merits of metal and oxide, opening a door of smart photothermal therapy with self‐adaptive tumor‐accumulation and automatic degradation after tumor hyperthermia.
Hydrogenated metal oxides are prepared by metal‐acid treatment, resulting in pH‐selective materials that are stable in acids but vulnerable in alkaline solutions. It led to a novel type of smart photothermal agents that target only onto tumors with acidic condition and degrade in healthy cells. They not only retain the good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity of their parent oxide material, but also combine merits of metals with highly efficient photothermal conversion and thermal conductivity, serving as excellent photothermal reagents working in the near infrared‐Ⅱ biowindow.
With five histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors approved for cancer treatment, proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for degradation of HDAC are emerging as an alternative strategy for ...HDAC-targeted therapeutic intervention. Herein, three bestatin-based hydroxamic acids (
,
and
) were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated to see if they could work as HDAC degrader by recruiting cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Among the three compounds, the bestatin-SAHA hybrid
exhibited comparable even more potent inhibitory activity against HDAC1, HDAC6 and HDAC8 relative to the approved HDAC inhibitor SAHA. It is worth noting that although
could not lead to intracellular HDAC degradation after 6 h of treatment, it could dramatically decrease the intracellular levels of HDAC1, HDAC6 and HDAC8 after 24 h of treatment. Intriguingly, the similar phenomenon was also observed in the HDAC inhibitor SAHA. Cotreatment with proteasome inhibitor bortezomib could not reverse the HDAC decreasing effects of
and SAHA, confirming that their HDAC decreasing effects were not due to protein degradation. Moreover, all three bestatin-based hydroxamic acids
,
and
exhibited more potent aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) inhibitory activities than the approved APN inhibitor bestatin, which translated to their superior anti-angiogenic activities. Taken together, a novel bestatin-SAHA hybrid was developed, which worked as a potent APN and HDAC dual inhibitor instead of a PROTAC.
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) heterogeneity promotes recurrence and anti‐CD20‐based therapeutic resistance. Previous studies have shown that downregulation of MS4A1/CD20 expression after ...chemoimmunotherapy with rituximab leads to rituximab resistance. However, the mechanisms of CD20 loss remain unknown. We identified that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is markedly elevated in DLBCL cells derived from both patients and cell lines with R‐CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) resistance. We found that overexpression of PDK4 in DLBCL cells resulted in cell proliferation and resistance to rituximab in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, loss of PDK4 expression or treatment with the PDK4 inhibitor dichloroacetate was able to significantly increase rituximab‐induced cell apoptosis in DLBCL cells. Further studies suggested PDK4 mediates a metabolic shift, in that the main energy source was changed from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, and the metabolic changes could play an important role in rituximab resistance. Importantly, by knocking down or overexpressing PDK4 in DLBCL cells, we showed that PDK4 has a negative regulation effect on MS4A1/CD20 expression. Collectively, this is the first study showing that targeting PDK4 has the potential to overcome rituximab resistance in DLBCL.
High pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) expression is associated with rituximab resistance in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells. Targeting PDK4 increases rituximab sensitivity against DLBCL cells. PDK4 has a negative regulatory effect on MS4A1/CD20 expression in DLBCL cells. PDK4 promotes proliferation and rituximab resistance in DLBCL cells by mediating metabolic reprogramming.
We performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the synergized O2 activation and CO oxidation by Ag8 cluster on TiO2(101) support. The excellent catalytic activity of the ...interfacial Ag atoms in O2 dissociation is ascribed to the positive polarized charges, upshift of Ag d-band center, and assistance of surface Ti5c atoms. CO oxidation then takes place via a two-step mechanism coupled with O2 dissociation: (i) CO + O2 → CO2 + O and (ii) CO + O → CO2. The synergistic effect of CO and O2 activations reduces the oxidation energy barrier (E a) of reaction (i), especially for the up-layered Ag atoms not in contact with support. It is found that the coadsorbed CO and O2 on the up-layered Ag atoms form a metal-stable four-center O–O–CO structure motif substantially promoting CO oxidation. On the oxygen defective Ag8/TiO2(101) surface, because of the decreased positive charges and the down-shift of d-band centers in Ag, the metal cluster exhibits low O2 adsorption and activation abilities. Although the dissociation of O2 is facilitated by the TiO2(101) defect sites, the dissociated O atoms would cover the defects so strongly that further CO oxidation would be prohibited unless much extra energy is introduced to recreate oxygen defects.
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