The advent of smart grid technologies has brought about a paradigm shift in the management and operation of distribution networks, allowing for intricate system information to be encapsulated within ...semantic network models. These models, while robust, are not immune to faults within their knowledge entities, which can arise from a myriad of issues, potentially leading to verification failures and operational disruptions. Addressing this critical vulnerability, our research delves into the development of a novel fault detection methodology specifically tailored for the knowledge entity variables of semantic networks in distribution networks. In our approach, we first construct a state space equation that models the behavior of knowledge entity variables in the presence of faults. This foundational framework enables us to apply an unknown input observer strategy to effectively detect anomalies within the system. To bolster the fault identification process, we introduce the innovative use of a siamese network, a neural network architecture which is proficient in differentiating between similar datasets. Through simulation scenarios, we demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed fault detection method.
Background
Ephrin-A2, a member of the Eph receptor subgroup, is used in diagnosing and determining the prognosis of prostate cancer. However, the role of ephrin-A2 in prostate cancer is remains ...elusive.
Methods
We established stable clones overexpressing or silencing ephrin-A2 from prostate cancer cells. Then, CCK-8 was used in analyzing the proliferation ability of cells. CD31 staining was used in evaluating angiogenesis. Migration and invasion assay were conducted in vivo and in vitro. The expression of EMT-related markers was evaluated in prostate cancer cells through Western blotting.
Results
We revealed that the ectopic expression of ephrin-A2 in prostate cancer cells facilitated cell migration and invasion in vitro and promoted tumor metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo and that the silencing of ephrin-A2 completely reversed this effect. Although ephrin-A2 did not affect tumor cell proliferation in vitro, ephrin-A2 significantly promoted primary tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, to determine the biological function of ephrin-A2, we assayed the expression of EMT-related markers in stable-established cell lines. Results showed that the overexpression of ephrin-A2 in prostate cancer cells down-regulated the expression of epithelial markers (ZO-1, E-cadherin, and claudin-1) and up-regulated the expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, β-catenin, vimentin, Slug, and Snail), but the knocking out of ephrin-A2 opposed the effects on the expression of EMT markers.
Conclusions
These findings indicate that ephrin-A2 promotes prostate cancer metastasis by enhancing angiogenesis and promoting EMT and may be a potentially therapeutic target in metastatic prostate cancer.
A disintegrin and metalloprotease-10(ADAM10) promotes the metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa), but the specific mechanism is indistinct. Herein, DU145 cell lines with stable overexpression and ...knockdown of ADAM10 were constructed. We found that ectopic expression of ADAM10 not only significantly facilitated cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and inhibited apoptosis, but also could specifically hydrolyze ephrin-A5 and release the ephrin-A5 soluble ectodomain into extracellular media in vitro. These effects were reversed by ADAM10 depletion or treatment of GI254023X. Meanwhile, the co-location and physical interaction among EphA3, ephrin-A5, and ADAM10 were observed in PCa cells using immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques. Interestingly, overexpression of EphA3 exerted opposite effects in DU145 (ephrin-A5 + ) cells and PC-3 (ephrin-A5 ± ) cells. In addition, the pro-tumor function of EphA3 was reversed by the treatment with the exogenous ephrin-A5-Fc, which increased the phosphorylation level of EphA3 in PC-3 (ephrin-A5 ± ) cells. In nude mice, ADAM10 accelerated growth of the primary tumor, decreased the level of ephrin-A5 in the tumor tissue, but increased the level of ephrin-A5 in the peripheral blood, accompanied with an increase in the expression of CD31 and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in the tissue. What is more, the serum ephrin-A5 content of patients with metastatic PCa was significantly higher than that of the non-metastatic group (P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) showed that the area under the curve(AUC) of serum ephrin-A5 as a marker of PCa metastasis was 0.843, with a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 75%. It is concluded that ADAM10-mediated ephrin-A5 shedding promotes PCa metastasis via transforming the role of EphA3 from ligand-dependent tumor suppressor to ligand-independent promoter, and ephrin-A5 in the blood can be used as a new biomarker for PCa metastasis.
In this paper, the thermal-mechanical reliability of flip chip on board (FCOB) with copper pillar solder joint is investigated. By increasing the temperature and time of the thermal compression ...bonding (TCB) process, the copper pillar solder joint with intermetallic compound (IMC) as the main body is obtained. Then the Cu pillar/Sn-Ag/Cu pad and Cu pillar/IMC/Cu pad joint structures are carried out the thermal cycling test separately. It is observed that the crack of the Sn-Ag solder joint caused by ductile fracture, which is leaded by fatigue and then extension through microvoids caused by creep. And the crack of IMC joint is mainly caused by the brittle fracture along the Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn phase interface. At the same time, two constitutive of viscoplasticity and elastic-plastic-creep and life prediction models are compared. The effect of underfill on the thermal-mechanical reliability of copper pillar solder joint is evaluated by comparing the underfills filled with different weight ratio filler particles.
Display omitted
•The crack of the Sn-Ag solder joint caused by ductile fracture.•The crack of IMC joint was mainly caused by the brittle fracture along the Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn pahse interface.•Two constitutive of viscoplasticity and elastic-plastic-creep and life prediction models were compared.•The effect of underfill on the thermal-mechanical reliability of copper pillar solder joint was evaluated.
This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthetic metabolism, with a specific focus on the metabolic fate of linolenic acid ...(18:3n-3, LNA) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA) and the relationship between these two substrates in the process of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were fed four isoproteic (37.5%) and isolipidic (6.2%) diets formulated with fixed levels of LA (0.60%) and gradual levels of LNA (0.10, 0.63, 1.56 and 2.04% of dry weight, respectively) for 10 weeks. The whole-body fatty acid balance method was used to evaluate fish in vivo fatty acid metabolism. The results showed that most of dietary LNA was bioconverted to LC-PUFA when tilapia receiving not enough LNA for optimal growth. In contrast, when fish receiving sufficient dietary LNA, most of the LNA was β-oxidized, with only <10% LNA being bioconverted. The in vivo apparent △-5/-6 desaturase and elongase activities on n-3 and n-6 PUFA, respectively, exhibited a significant linear increase and decrease with the increasing dietary LNA levels, clearly indicating that for all of the enzyme activities, n-3 PUFA is a preferred substrate and the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway is substrate limited in Nile tilapia. Dietary higher inclusion of LNA could block or at least slow down n-6 LC-PUFA biosynthesis from LA, indicating that a direct substrate competition for accessing the Δ-6 desaturase and elongase exists between these two substrates. Furthermore, Nile tilapia were relatively efficient in bioconversion from LNA to DHA, and the DHA biosynthesis from EPA may be more direct or faster than the production of EPA from LNA. Despite of the active bioconversion of LNA up to DHA, this metabolic effort was still insufficient to compensate for the significant reduced dietary intake of n-3 LC-PUFA. No significant difference was observed in the gene expression of fatty acyl desaturase (fads2) and fatty acid elongase (elovl5) among all groups, which suggests that the total in vivo apparent enzyme activities are directly and positively affected by substrate availability rather than the extent of the enzyme gene expression.
•The LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway in Nile tilapia is substrate limited.•A direct substrate competition for accessing Δ-6 desaturase and elongase exists between LNA and LA.•n-3 PUFA is a preferred substrate for LC-PUFA biosynthesis in Nile tilapia.•Nile tilapia are relatively efficient in bioconverting LNA to DHA, especially for EPA to DHA.
We aimed to investigate the function and underlying mechanisms of circ_0087378 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
We verified higher circ_0087378 expression in ESCC tissues by performing ...qRT-PCR assays. We further confirmed the oncogenic roles of circ_0087378 in ESCC cells through a series of biological function assays. Then, we used an RNA pull-down assay and luciferase reporter assay to identify miR-140-3p that directly interacts with circ_0087378. Subsequent studies were performed to demonstrate that the circ_0087378/miR-140-3p/E2F3 axis promotes ESCC development.
We demonstrated that upregulated circ_0087378 expression was positively associated with tumor size, histological grade, tumor stage, the presence of metastasis, and worse survival in patients with ESCC. Our results further revealed that knockdown of circ_0087378 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells and reduced tumor growth
. Mechanistically, we showed that circ_0087378 could directly bind to miR-miR-140-3p and relieve the suppression for target E2F3, which accelerated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Correlation analysis in ESCC specimens supported the involvement of the circ_0087378/miR-140-3p/E2F3 axis in ESCC progression.
This study demonstrated that circ_0087378 might act as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-140-3p, which could inhibit the tumorigenesis and progression of ESCC through upregulating E2F3 expression.
The gas emission from the coal mine working face is influenced by multiple factors, resulting in the real-time value, fluctuation, and trend changes of gas concentration being relatively independent ...and interrelated. This paper establishes a gas multi-indicator warning method that can comprehensively warn the status of real-time value, fluctuation, and trend changes of gas concentration from the working face. This paper proposes six basic indicators and includes two main research contents: intelligent threshold partition and gas multi-indicator warning. First, this paper proposes an intelligent threshold partition algorithm based on GF-KMeans (genetic fixed-centered K-means), which combines a genetic algorithm (GA) and an FC-KMeans (fixed-centered K-means) algorithm to dynamically partition the threshold range corresponding to the gas warning level. The GA solves the local optimal problem in the traditional K-Means algorithm, enhancing its stability and predictability. The FC-KMeans algorithm achieves a more precise control in the initial clustering center selection. Second, this paper researches a gas multi-indicator warning method based on a multihead optimal attention (MOA)-Transformer. By using the multihead optimization attention mechanism to represent classification features and utilizing Transformer’s encoder structure to classify gas warning. The experimental result shows that the accuracy of the MOA-Transformer method is 86.17%, which is 3.45% higher than that of the Transformer method. The precision of the MOA-Transformer method is 88.78%, which is 3.75% higher than that of the Transformer method. The recall of the MOA-Transformer method is 85.23%, which is 4.70% higher than that of the Transformer method. The macro-F1 of the MOA-Transformer method is 86.96%, which is 4.39% higher than that of the Transformer method. The results fully demonstrate the superiority of the MOA-Transformer method in gas warning tasks.
Rock squeezing has a large influence on tunnel construction safety; thus, when designing and constructing tunnels it is highly important to use a reliable method for predicting tunnel squeezing from ...incomplete data. In this study, a combination SVM-BP (support vector machine-back-propagation) model is proposed to classify the deformation caused by surrounding rock squeezing. We design different characteristic parameters and three types of classifiers (a SVM model, a BP model, and the proposed SVM-BP model) for the tunnel-squeezing prediction experiments and analyse the accuracy of predictions by different models and the influences of characteristic parameters on the prediction results. In contrast to other prediction methods, the proposed SVM-BP model is verified to be reliable. The results show that four characteristics: tunnel diameter (
D
), tunnel buried depth (
H
), rock quality index (
Q
) and support stiffness (
K
) reflect the effect of rock squeezing sufficiently for classification. The SVM-BP model combines the advantages of both an SVM and a BP neural network. It possesses flexible nonlinear modelling ability and the ability to perform parallel processing of large-scale information. Therefore, the SVM-BP model achieves better classification performance than do the SVM or BP models separately. Moreover, coupling
D
,
H
, and
K
has a significant impact on the predicted results of tunnel squeezing.
After the COVID-19 outbreak, many Chinese high school students have increased their dependence on electronic devices for studying and life, which may affect the incidence of neck and shoulder pain ...(NSP) in Chinese adolescents.
To evaluate the prevalence of NSP in high school students and its associated risk factors during COVID-19, a survey was conducted among 5,046 high school students in Shanghai, Qinghai, Henan and Macao during the second semester and summer vacation of the 2019-2020 academic year. The questionnaire included questions regarding demographic characteristics, the prevalence of NSP and lifestyle factors such as sedentary behavior, poor posture and electronic device usage. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the possible influencing factors for neck and shoulder pain.
A total of 4793 valid questionnaires (95.0%) were collected. The results indicated that the prevalence of NSP was 23.7% among high school students. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender (P < 0.05, OR = 1.82), grade (P < 0.05, range OR 1.40-1.51) and subject selection (P < 0.05, range OR 0.49-0.68) were risk factors for NSP in high school students. Sedentary behavior (P < 0.05, range OR 1.74-2.36), poor posture (P < 0.05, range OR 1.19-2.56), backpack weight (P < 0.05, range OR 1.17-1.88), exercise style and frequency (P < 0.05, range OR 1.18-1.31; P < 0.05, range OR 0.76-0.79, respectively), and the time spent using electronic devices (P < 0.05, range OR 1.23-1.38)had a significant correlation with NSP in high school students.
NSP is currently very common among high school students during the outbreak of COVID-19. Sedentary behavior, poor posture and other factors have a great impact on the occurrence of NSP in high school students. Education regarding healthy lifestyle choices should be advocated for to decrease NSP among high school students, such as more physical activity, changing poor postures and reducing the amount of time spent using electronic devices.
In the surgical development of cholesteatoma, in order to reduce the recurrence of cholesteatoma, 2 kinds of surgeries were carried out: removal of Cog and Korner's septum to ventilate supratubal ...recess (supratubal recess opened) and obliteration of the mastoid and attic space (bony obliteration tympanoplasty) were invented, respectively. Their purpose is the same but the theoretical basis is different, and the comparison of these 2 methods is not reported in the current literature. This study aims to evaluate the rates of recurrent and residual cholesteatoma with the simple canal wall up and canal wall up-supratubal recess opened and canal wall up-bony obliteration tympanoplasty mastoidectomy in a large cohort of patients. The secondary objectives were to assess the 3 techniques' infection rates and hearing outcomes.
Overall, 352 patients with middle ear cholesteatoma preoperatively underwent temporal bone ultrahigh-resolution computed tomography scan. The shape of the Eustachian tube and the supratubal recess were analyzed, and superior and posterior tympanic recesses, including the supratubal recess, were opened in different surgical groups.
After 5 years of follow-up, the results show that the lowest recurrence rate was 6.6% (7/106) for canal wall up-supratubal recess opened, 10.9% (12/101) for canal wall up-bony obliteration tympanoplasty, and canal wall up had the highest recurrence rate of 19.31% (28/145). The postoperative infection rate was 5.7% in the canal wall up-supratubal recess opened group, 10.89% in the canal wall up-bony obliteration tympanoplasty group, and 7.59% in the simple canal wall up group. The postoperative median air conduction was increased 8 dB in the canal wall up-supratubal recess opened group, 1 dB in the canal wall up-bony obliteration tympanoplasty, and 6 dB in the simple canal wall up group.
Opening the supratubal recess to ensure the patency of the attic facilitates the gas exchange between the mastoid process and the middle ear and reduces the possibility of cholesteatoma recurrence.
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