Galantamine, which is currently used in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect against beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide-induced toxicity, ...which is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the protective effect of galantamine on Aβ-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Using MTT and LDH leakage assays, we observed that galantamine pretreatment significantly prevented Aβ1-40-induced cell death. Aβ1-40-induced overexpression and increased cleavage of both calpain and calcineurin were observed by Western blotting and double immunofluorescent staining. Increased calcineurin phosphatase activity and decreased level of pSer112 BAD were also observed in Aβ1-40-damaged cells. However, all these alterations were found to be reversed by galantamine pretreatment. We also found that the neuroprotection of galantamine can be blocked by an α7 nAChR antagonist. Overall, our results suggest that galantamine may prevent the neuronal damage induced by Aβ1-40 through a mechanism related to the regulation of calpain–calcineurin activation and BAD phosphorylation, which may involve the participation of α7 nAChR.
Cyclopropanations of benzene rings by oxidatively generated alpha-oxo gold carbenes are for the first time demonstrated in a Buchner reaction, in which readily available propargyl benzyl ethers are ...converted in one-pot to tetrahydropyranone-fused cycloheptatrienes via sequential oxidative gold catalysis and base-promoted isomerization. Additional examples of arene cyclopropanations without fragmentation of the cyclopropane ring are also realized.
Nano-SiO2 was inserted into konjac glucomannan (KGM)/carrageenan (KC) coatings to improve the properties of the coating. The optimization of the concentrations of the nano-SiO2, KGM, and KC of the ...coatings was investigated using a response surface method. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. The effect of the nano-SiO2/KGM/KC coatings on the postharvest quality of the white mushrooms stored at 4 ± 1 °C was determined. The results showed that the nano-SiO2/KGM/KC coatings exhibited the optimal properties at a nano-SiO2 concentration of 0.3%, a KC concentration of 0.6%, and a KGM concentration of 0.48%. The water vapor transmission rate, transparency, tensile strength, oxygen transmission rate, and carbon dioxide transmission rate were 62.31 g/(m2·d), 83.41%, 323.16 N, 0.015 g/(m2·d), 0.18 g/(m2·d) respectively. The nano-SiO2 decreased the gas permeability of the coatings. It demonstrated that the incorporation of the nano-SiO2 delayed the effect of the UV light on the food quality because it increased the absorbance of the UV light (300 nm) by the KGM/KC three fold. The application of the nano-SiO2/KGM/KC coatings represents a feasible and effective technique for extending the storage time of white mushrooms.
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•The packaging and fresh-keeping properties of the KGM/KC coatings are improved by nano-SiO2.•Incorporation of nano-SiO2 was a good way to delay UV light affecting the food qualities.•The KC/KGM structure in hydrogen-bonds is slightly affected by nano-SiO2.•The preservation properties on Agaricus bisporus are improved.
•A multiscale local homogeneity measure is proposed.•Integrating Intra-patch homogeneity and inter-patch heterogeneity to enhance target.•An adaptive thresholding method is adopted for small target ...segmentation.•The proposed method has good performance under the interference of strong noise.
Infrared (IR) small target detection plays an important role in the field of image detection area owing to its intrinsic characteristics. This paper presents a multiscale local homogeneity measure (MLHM) for infrared small target detection, which can enhance the performance of IR small target detection system. Firstly, intra-patch homogeneity of the target itself and the inter-patch heterogeneity between target and the local background regions are integrated to enhance the significant of small target. Secondly, a multiscale measure based on local regions is proposed to obtain the most appropriate response. Finally, an adaptive threshold method is applied to small target segmentation. Experimental results on three different scenarios indicate that the MLHM has good performance under the interference of strong noise.
A formalism for measuring time-dependent CP violation in B(s)0→J/ψh+h− decays with J/ψ→μ+μ− is developed for the general case where there can be many h+h− final states of different angular momentum ...present. Here h refers to any spinless meson. The decay amplitude is derived using similar considerations as those in a Dalitz like analysis of three-body spinless mesons taking into account the fact that the J/ψ is spin-1, and the various interferences allowed between different final states. Implementation of this procedure can, in principle, lead to the use of a larger number of final states for CP violation studies.
Fluorophlogopite ceramics is widely used in the fields of aerospace and biomedicine, and the machining of deep-small hole for fluorophlogopite ceramics is a focus in the field of precision and ...ultra-precision machining. In this work, the trajectory and brittle-to-ductile transition depth of single abrasive during rotary ultrasonic grinding process were analyzed. The rotary ultrasonic grinding and common grinding tests of deep-small holes for fluorophlogopite ceramics were performed on an ultrasonic vibration and precision machining center. The axial grinding force was obtained by wavelet denoising, the roundness deviation was calculated by using Canny and gray level detection methods, and the internal surface roughness was measured by using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The experimental results indicated that compared with the common grinding, rotary ultrasonic grinding could effectively decrease the grinding force, roundness deviation, and the value of surface roughness. In addition, the grinding force, roundness deviation, and the value of surface roughness decreased as the spindle speed and ultrasonic power increased, and they increased as the feed speed increased. This work was of significance for realizing the high efficiency and precision machining of deep-small holes of the hard-brittle materials.
Engineering interfacial properties of metal‐sulfides toward excellent electrochemical capability is imperative for advanced energy‐storage materials. However, they still suffer from an unclear ...mechanism of capacity fading, along with ineffective physical–chemical evolution. Herein, a highly‐effective Sb2S3 with double carbon is designed with interfacial SbC bonds and double carbon, which boosts promoting of ion transferring and alleviates the separation of both active phases (Sb, S). Through “voltage‐cutting” manners, the key elements of capacity improvement about phase transitions are further determined. As expected, even at 5.0 A g−1, the lithium‐storage capacity remains about 674 mAh g−1. Utilized as sodium ion battery (SIB) anode, the rate capacity still reaches up to 366 mAh g−1 at 3.0 A g−1, much larger than that of Sb2S3. Obtaining the full cell of Ni–Fe Prussian blue analog versus M‐Sb2S3@DC, the reversible capacity is 330 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. Supported by kinetic analysis, the excellent rate properties are determined by the surface‐controlling behaviors, mainly resulting from the decreased capacitive resistance and improved ion moving. Furthermore, the reassembling evolution of active phases is revealed in detail by ex situ techniques. This work is expected to offer significant insights into interfacial evolutions toward advanced energy‐storage systems.
M‐Sb2S3@DCs with SbC bonds and double carbon are well designed through a thermal chemical process. It is found that the mechanism of capacity fading is the separation of two phases (Sb, S), which can be controlled by the evolution of physical–chemical properties. This work is expected to offer significant insights into interfacial evolutions toward advanced energy‐storage systems.
Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wetland ecosystems is a relatively new issue in global climate change studies. China has approximately 22% of the world's rice paddies and 38% of the ...world's rice production, which are crucial to accurately estimate the global warming potential (GWP) at regional scale. This paper reports an application of a biogeochemical model (DeNitrification and DeComposition or DNDC) for quantifying GWP from rice fields in the Tai-Lake region of China. For this application, DNDC is linked to a 1:50,000 soil database, which was derived from 1107 paddy soil profiles compiled during the Second National Soil Survey of China in the 1980–1990s. The simulated results show that the 2.34 Mha of paddy soil cultivated in rice–wheat rotation in the Tai-Lake region emitted about −1.48 Tg C, 0.84 Tg N and 5.67 Tg C as CO
2, N
2O, and CH
4 respectively, with a cumulative GWP of 565 Tg CO
2 equivalent from 1982 to 2000. As for soil subgroups, the highest GWP (26,900 kg CO
2 equivalent ha
−1 yr
−1) was linked to gleyed paddy soils accounting for about 4.4% of the total area of paddy soils. The lowest GWP (5370 kg CO
2 equivalent ha
−1 yr
−1) was associated with submergenic paddy soils accounting for about 0.32% of the total area of paddy soils. The most common soil in the area was hydromorphic paddy soils, which accounted for about 53% of the total area of paddy soils with a GWP of 12,300 kg CO
2 equivalent ha
−1 yr
−1. On a regional basis, the annual averaged GWP in the polder, Tai-Lake plain, and alluvial plain soil regions was distinctly higher than that in the low mountainous and Hilly soil regions. As for administrative areas, the average annual GWP of counties in Shanghai city was high. Conversely, the average annual GWP of counties in Jiangsu province was low. The high variability in soil properties throughout the Tai-Lake region is important and affects the net greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the use of detailed soil data sets with high-resolution digital soil maps is essential to improve the accuracy of GWP estimates with process-based models at regional and national scales.
The starches obtained from two different yam residues, which were treated with alkali(starch-A) or enzyme (starch-E), were studied and compared with yam starch isolated using ordinary method ...(starch-O) for morphological, crystalline pattern, thermal, and pasting properties. The results revealed that the amylose content of three starches ranged from 19.47 to 22.17%. The granule surfaces of starch-A and starch-E were as smooth as that of starch-O. The crystalline pattern of the three starches was a C-type. The transition temperatures (To, Tp and Tc) varied from 70.11 to 73.64, 79.23 to 81.74, and 84.30 to 86.65 ºC, respectively. The starch-E showed the highest Δ Hgel, followed by the starch-A, while it was lowest for the starch-O. According to the viscosity measurement, starch-O had the lowest pasting temperature, highest peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity, which were contrary to those of starch-E.
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