Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a critical public health, medical and economic problem in China. AR is also an important risk factor which will cause many diseases or disorders, especially in children. The ...trend of AR incidence is still on the rise in recent years and has had a significant effect on the general public. This significant increase is alarming, which highlights an urgent need for better understanding of the prevalence status and characteristics, sensitization patterns, and the associated risk factors of AR in order to improve treatment and develop effective prevention strategies.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects more than 10% of the population in the United States and Europe. Recent findings point to a considerable variation of inflammatory subtypes in patients with CRS ...with nasal polyps and patients with CRS without nasal polyps. According to current guidelines, glucocorticosteroids and antibiotics are the principle pharmacotherapeutic approaches; however, they fail in a group of patients who share common clinical and laboratory markers. Several clinical phenotypes often leading to uncontrolled disease, including adult nasal polyposis, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, are characterized by a common endotype: a TH 2 bias is associated with a higher likelihood of comorbid asthma and recurrence after surgical treatment. As a consequence, several innovative approaches targeting the TH 2 bias with humanized mAbs have been subjected to proof-of-concept studies in patients with CRS with nasal polyps with or without comorbid asthma: omalizumab, reslizumab, mepolizumab, and recently dupilumab. Future concepts using upstream targets, such as GATA-3, also focus on this endotype. This current development might result in advantages in the treatment of patients with the most severe CRS.
Shaping colloidal building units is of paramount importance for their self‐assembly into complex objects. Continuous tuning of colloidal shapes is highly desired for understanding self‐assembly, but ...it still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a new template strategy for the shape‐tunable synthesis of anisotropic colloids with shapes that can be continuously tuned from discs (oblate spheroids) to spheres to theta shapes to dumbbells. This was realized by creating structured shape‐tunable droplets from patchy colloidal discs and using these droplets as templates. In particular, we found that a controlled dumbbell‐to‐eyeball droplet transformation can be used for the synthesis of eyeball‐shaped colloids. We also demonstrated the droplet transformation pathways and applied the method to the synthesis of colloidal molecules. These colloids provide possibilities for exploring their ordered packing structures, and the method based on the use of structured droplets can be adapted for the synthesis of other functional colloidal particles.
Anisotropic colloids with shapes that can be continuously tuned from discs to spheres to theta shapes to dumbbells were synthesized by creating structured shape‐tunable droplets with patchy colloidal discs and using these droplets as templates. The synthesized colloids have well‐defined shapes, and can be used to understand the role of shape in self‐assembly.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a disease with high prevalence all over the world and therefore needs to be thoroughly investigated and treated accordingly. The mechanisms underlying the pathology and ...treatment of AR have been widely studied, but many aspects remain unclear and warrant further investigations. This review presents an overview of recently published papers highlighting the risk factors, mechanisms, and treatment of AR. Additionally, recent studies discussing the role of single nucleotide polymorphism, DNA methylation, regulatory B cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells, immunotherapy, and biologics in AR are also covered.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an upper airway disease with high prevalence in the world, and therefore needs to be thoroughly investigated and treated accordingly. Although the mechanisms underlying the ...pathology and treatment of AR have been widely studied, many aspects of AR are still unclear and warrant further investigations. The purpose of the present review was therefore to report recently published papers, which highlight the novel mechanisms and treatments of AR. These include role of environment, important proteins and cells, and some other factors in the pathogenesis of AR; as well as the role of immunotherapy and biologics in the treatment of AR.
AlSi10Mg samples fabricated by using a multi-laser beams selective laser melting system have been studied in this paper. The relative density, defects, microstructure and mechanical properties of the ...isolated and overlap samples are investigated. It is found that the width and depth of the melt pools in overlap area are larger than that in isolated area, which leads to an obvious boundary between the overlap area and isolated area. Moreover, a few small pores were found in the melt pools along the overlap boundary. The isolated and overlap area in as-built samples have similar microstructure, microhardness and tensile strength. The morphology and distribution of Si change into particles from continuous dendrite after annealing treatment. However, it does not cause the grains to grow up. The microhardness and tensile strength have little difference due to almost the same grain size. The slight difference in strength and elongation of isolated and overlap samples are supposed to be caused by small pores. It can be concluded that the microstructure significantly influences the microhardness and strength of the AlSi10Mg samples, while the small pores have limited influence. There are a few smooth surfaces on the fractures of both isolated and overlap samples, which turn out to be the melt pool boundaries. This indicates that the cracks mainly propagate along the melt pool boundaries.
Photoredox‐based C−H bond functionalization constitutes one of the most powerful and atom‐economical approaches to organic syntheses. During this type of reaction, single electron transfer takes ...place between the photocatalyst (PC) and redox‐ active substrates. Electrosynthesis also involves electron transfer between substrates and electrodes. In this paper, we focus upon electrochemical cross‐coupling of C(sp2)−H with aryldiazonium salts and have developed an efficient electrochemical approach to the Minisci‐type arylation reaction. The constant current paired electrosynthesis proceeds in a simple undivided cell without external supporting electrolyte, features a wide range of substrates and is easy to scale‐up. These results demonstrate that photoredox‐based cross‐coupling of C(sp2)−H with aryldiazonium salts can also proceed successfully under paired electrolysis conditions, thereby contributing to understanding of the parallels between photosynthesis and electrosynthesis.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a serious systemic allergic disease, which together with comorbid asthma causes major illness and disability worldwide. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed wide ...variations in the increasing prevalence of AR and allergies globally, including in China. Despite a markedly higher population than western countries, and a landmass close to Europe in area, little epidemiological data is available on AR in China. Thus, the present study reviewed the prevalence, comorbid allergic diseases, trends and pattern of sensitizing allergens in adults and children suffering from AR in China. Available data indicated that despite variations in the prevalence of AR in different regions of the country, the prevalence of AR has increased in both adults and children over the last 2 decades. Similarly, there has been an increase in a "western"-type lifestyle, industrialization and air pollution over this period, which may have contributed to the increased prevalence of AR observed in China.
Catalytic asymmetric dynamic kinetic resolution of configurationally labile bridged biaryls is emerging as a powerful strategy for atropisomer synthesis. However, the reported examples suffer from an ...inherent challenge as the reactivity is highly dependent on the torsional strain of the biaryl substrates, which significantly narrows down the scope and hampers the application. Herein, we report our discovery and development of a torsional strain‐independent reaction between biaryl thionolactones and activated isocyanides. By employing auto‐tandem silver catalysis, a universal synthesis of both tri‐ and tetra‐ortho‐substituted thiazole‐containing biaryls was realized in high yields with high enantioselectivities. In addition, these products could be facilely converted to a novel type of bridged biaryls bearing an eight‐membered lactone. Mechanistic studies were carried out to elucidate the cause of this unusual torsional strain‐independent reactivity.
A torsional strain‐independent reaction between biaryl thionolactones and activated isocyanides is reported. Under auto‐tandem silver catalysis, both tri‐ and tetra‐ortho‐substituted biaryls were obtained in high yields and enantioselectivities. These products could be converted to bridged biaryls bearing an eight‐membered lactone. Mechanistic studies provided key insights into the cause of this unusual torsional strain‐independent reactivity.
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) plays a crucial role in ovarian cancer (OC) progression. However, the mechanisms underlying hTERT upregulation in OC, and the specific microRNAs ...(miRNAs) involved in the regulation of hTERT in OC cells, remains unclear. We performed a bioinformatics search to identify potential miRNAs that bind to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) region of the hTERT mRNA. We examined the expression levels of miR-532/miR-3064 in OC tissues and normal ovarian tissues, and analyzed the correlation between miRNA expression and OC patient outcomes. The impacts of miR-532/miR-3064 on hTERT expression were evaluated by western blot analysis and hTERT 3'-UTR reporter assays. We investigated the effects of miR-532/miR-3064 on proliferation and invasion in OC cells. We found that miR-532 and miR-3064 are down-regulated in OC specimens. We observed a significant association between reduced miR-532/miR-3064 expression and poorer survival of patients with OC. We confirmed that in OC cells, these two miRNAs downregulate hTERT levels by directly targeting its 3'-UTR region, and inhibited proliferation, EMT and invasion of OC cells. In addition, the overexpression of the hTERT cDNA lacking the 3'-UTR partially restored miR-532/miR-3064-inhibited OC cell proliferation and invasion. The silencing of hTERT by siRNA oligonucleotides abolished these malignant features, and phenocopied the effects of miR-532/miR-3064 overexpression. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-532/miR-3064 inhibits the growth of OC cells in vivo. Our findings demonstrate a miR-532/miR-3064-mediated mechanism responsible for hTERT upregulation in OC cells, and reveal a possibility of targeting miR-532/miR-3064 for future treatment of OC.
PDF
