Display omitted
•Exosome/biomimetic vesicles have crossover characteristic of bio-vesicles and liposomes.•Crossover vesicles can deliver gene with bio-distribution preference.•Liposome targeting ...modification can guide the engineering of crossover vesicles.•Source cell targeting modification can guide the engineering of crossover vesicles.
Exosomes and biomimetic vesicles are widely used for gene delivery because of their excellent gene loading capacity and stability and their natural targeting delivery potential. These vesicles take advantages of both cell-based bioactive delivery system and synthetical lipid-derived nanovectors to form crossover characteristics. To further optimize the specific targeting properties of crossover vesicles, studies of their in vivo fate and various engineering approaches including nanobiotechnology are required. This review describes the preparation process of exosomes and biomimetic vesicles, and summarizes the mechanism of loading and delivery of nucleic acids or gene editing systems. We provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques employed for preparing the targeting crossover vesicles based on their cellular uptake and targeting mechanism. To delineate the future prospects of crossover vesicle gene delivery systems, various challenges and clinical applications of vesicles have also been discussed.
A practical protocol for the regioselective preparation of 3-phenylpropargylsilanes and 3-phenylallylsilanes in yields of 36–77 and 48–86%, respectively, from readily accessible 3-phenylpropargyl and ...1-phenylallyl pivalates was developed through reductive C(sp3)–O bond cleavage. This method represents the first example of the direct application of vastly abundant calcium granules to a reductive coupling reaction. A broad range of propargylsilanes and allylsilanes are simply prepared using easy-to-handle pivalates and chlorotrimethylsilane under mild catalyst-free and additive-free conditions.
Reductive introduction of a fluorine-containing carbon block to readily available conjugated ynones, followed by intramolecular cyclization, successfully gave the corresponding trifluoromethylated ...cyclopentenones or trifluoromethylated furans in good yields through a simple two-step protocol. The key compound in carbon–carbon bond formation by magnesium-promoted reduction is ethyl trifluoroacetate, which has been rarely used as a fluorine-containing carbon source, especially to electron-deficient carbon atoms in organic synthesis.
A fine global future land use/land cover (LULC) is critical for demonstrating the geographic heterogeneity of earth system dynamics and human-earth interaction. In this study, we produced a 1 km ...global future LULC dataset that takes into account future climate and socio-economic changes as well as the impact of simulated results of the former year on temporally adjacent periods. By incorporating the variations in climatic and socio-economic factors, we differentiated LULC suitability probabilities for historical and future periods across representative SSP-RCP scenarios. Then, by using an improved cellular automata model-PLUS to simulate the patch-level changes of various land classes, we iteratively downscaled water-basin-level LULC demands in various future scenarios to a spatial resolution of 1 km. Our dataset achieves a high degree of simulation accuracy (Kappa = 0.94, OA = 0.97, FoM = 0.10) and precisely captures the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of global LULC changes under the combined effects of climate change and socio-economic development. This robust and fine-scale LULC dataset provides valuable spatially-explicit information essential for earth system modeling and intricate dynamics between anthropogenic activities and the environment.
In recent years, gene therapy has made remarkable achievements in tumor treatment. In a successfully cancer gene therapy, a smart gene delivery system is necessary for both protecting the therapeutic ...genes in circulation and enabling high gene expression in tumor sites. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have demonstrated their bright promise for highly efficient gene delivery target to tumor tissues, partly due to their good biocompatibility, magnetic responsiveness, and extensive functional surface modification. In this review, the latest progress in targeting cancer gene therapy is introduced, and the unique properties of IONPs contributing to the efficient delivery of therapeutic genes are summarized with detailed examples. Furthermore, the diagnosis potentials and synergistic tumor treatment capacity of IONPs are highlighted. In addition, aiming at potential risks during the gene delivery process, several strategies to improve the efficiency or reduce the potential risks of using IONPs for cancer gene therapy are introduced and addressed. The strategies and applications summarized in this review provide a general understanding for the potential applications of IONPs in cancer gene therapy.
Artemisinin, which has been isolated from
L., is the most effective antimalarial drug and has saved millions of lives. In addition, artemisinin and its derivatives have anti-tumor, anti-parasitic, ...anti-fibrosis, and anti-arrhythmic properties, which enhances the demand for these compounds. Improving the content of artemisinin in
is therefore becoming an increasing research interest, as the chemical synthesis of this metabolite is not viable. Ultraviolet B and C irradiation have been reported to improve the artemisinin content in
, but they are harmful to plant growth and development. Therefore, we screened other light sources to examine if they could promote artemisinin content without affecting plant growth and development. We found that red and blue light could enhance artemisinin accumulation by promoting the expression of the genes that were involved in artemisinin biosynthesis, such as
(ADS) and
(CYP71AV1) genes. Thus, in addition to being the main light sources for photosynthesis, red and blue light play a key role in plant secondary metabolism, and optimizing the combination of these light might allow for the productionof artemisinin-rich
.
Chinese goldthread (Coptis chinensis Franch.), a member of the Ranunculales, represents an important early-diverging eudicot lineage with diverse medicinal applications. Here, we present a ...high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation of C. chinensis. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses reveal the phylogenetic placement of this species and identify a single round of ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) shared by the Ranunculaceae. We characterize genes involved in the biosynthesis of protoberberine-type alkaloids in C. chinensis. In particular, local genomic tandem duplications contribute to member amplification of a Ranunculales clade-specific gene family of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 719. The functional versatility of a key CYP719 gene that encodes the (S)-canadine synthase enzyme involved in the berberine biosynthesis pathway may play critical roles in the diversification of other berberine-related alkaloids in C. chinensis. Our study provides insights into the genomic landscape of early-diverging eudicots and provides a valuable model genome for genetic and applied studies of Ranunculales.
•The stress-displacement curve of warm frozen soil-cemented soil interface is a strain-softening type and the whole deformation process of the interface could be divided into four stages.•Based on ...the theory of geomaterials breakage mechanics and the binary medium model, the interface is abstracted into the binary medium composed of bonded elements and frictional elements.•The damage constitutive model of the interface reveals the microscopic damage mechanism and meso-mechanical properties of the cemented soil-frozen soil interface.•The constitutive model can provide a basis for the numerical simulation and theoretical calculation of the pile foundation in frozen ground.
To study the shear mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of the interface between cemented soil and warm frozen soil, the key parameters are provided for the design and evaluation of cemented soil structure in warm frozen soil ground. In this study, a series of negative temperature direct shear tests of the cast-in-place cemented soil-frozen soil interface were conducted under the influence of different factors. The binary medium model was used toinvestigate the mechanical stress and deformational mechanisms of the interface, and the damage rate and stress sharing rate functions were introduced. Assuming that the strength of each element of the interface obeyed the Weibull probability distribution, the constitutive equation of the warm frozen soil-cemented soil interface was established. The results showed that the stress-displacement curve of the interface was a strain-softening type, and the entire deformation process of the interface was divided into four stages: the linear elastic, elastic-plastic, softening, and residual stability stages. The constitutive model based on the binary medium theory revealed the micro stress–strain mechanism of the interface and better described the entire stress–displacement process of the interface and the strain softening phenomenon, which can provide a basis for the numerical simulation and theoretical calculation of the structure in the frozen soil ground.
Sesame is a source of a healthy vegetable oil, attracting a growing interest worldwide. Abiotic stresses have devastating effects on sesame yield; hence, studies have been performed to understand ...sesame molecular responses to abiotic stresses, but the core abiotic stress-responsive genes (CARG) that the plant reuses in response to an array of environmental stresses are unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of 72 RNA-Seq datasets from drought, waterlogging, salt and osmotic stresses and identified 543 genes constantly and differentially expressed in response to all stresses, representing the sesame CARG. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of the CARG revealed three functional modules controlled by key transcription factors. Except for salt stress, the modules were positively correlated with the abiotic stresses. Network topology of the modules showed several hub genes predicted to play prominent functions. As proof of concept, we generated over-expressing Arabidopsis lines with hub and non-hub genes. Transgenic plants performed better under drought, waterlogging, and osmotic stresses than the wild-type plants but did not tolerate the salt treatment. As expected, the hub gene was significantly more potent than the non-hub gene. Overall, we discovered several novel candidate genes, which will fuel investigations on plant responses to multiple abiotic stresses.
Abstract
Metallaphotocatalysis has been recognized as a pivotal catalysis enabling new reactivities. Traditional metallaphotocatalysis often requires two or more separate catalysts and exhibits flaw ...in cost and substrate-tolerance, thus representing an await-to-solve issue in catalysis. We herein realize metallaphotocatalysis with a bifunctional dirhodium tetracarboxylate (Rh
2
) alone. The Rh
2
shows an photocatalytic activity of promoting singlet oxygen (
1
O
2
) oxidation. By harnessing its photocatalytic activity, the Rh
2
catalyzes a photochemical cascade reaction (PCR) via combination of carbenoid chemistry and
1
O
2
chemistry. The PCR is characterized by high atom-efficiency, excellent stereoselectivities, mild conditions, scalable synthesis, and pharmaceutically interesting products. DFT calculations-aided mechanistic study rationalizes the reaction pathway and interprets the origin of stereoselectivities of the PCR. The products show inhibitory activity against PTP1B, being promising in the treatment of type II diabetes and cancers. Overall, here we show the bifunctional Rh
2
merges Rh-carbenoid chemistry and
1
O
2
chemistry.
PDF
