Studies of Late Quaternary geological slip-rates and the GPS decadal slip-rates along the major strike-slip faults in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau show that slip-rates remain relatively ...constant along the middle sections of each fault and decrease rapidly toward the ends. Our recent studies suggest that the slip rates are low (<10mm/yr) along the major strike-slip faults, i.e., Altyn-Tagh fault and Qilian-Haiyuan fault. West of 95°E, the slip rate on the Altyn-Tagh fault has been determined to be 8–12mm/yr, and gradually decreases from 95°E eastward to about 1–2mm/yr at the easternmost segment of the fault. The slip-rate of Qilian-Haiyuan fault is about 1–2mm/yr near the Halahu Lake, near the western tip of the fault, then increases to a relatively constant value of 4–5mm/yr in the Qilian area (101°E and eastward). Eastward, the fault merges into the NS trending Liupan Shan fault zone east of Haiyuan, and the slip rate drops to 1–3mm/yr, or even lower. Our present observations on the variation and distribution of slip rates along the major strike slip faults indicate that slip on the Altyn-Tagh fault is mainly dissipated through internal deformation, by thrust faulting within the Qilian Shan and shortening within the adjacent Cenozoic basins. Left-lateral strike-slip on the Qilian-Haiyuan fault might be transformed into shortening and growth of the Liupan Shan to the east, and may also contribute partially to the deformation in the western Qilian Shan. In conclusion, the distribution of slip rates from both late Quaternary geological records and the current GPS observations suggest a decrease in slip rate, a redistribution of strain, and the transformation of displacement along the major strike slip faults into crustal shortening, basin formation and mountain uplift that characterize present-day deformation of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
►Slip rates of faults are jointly determined by geological and geodetic methods. ►Boundary faults of northern Tibet slip at very low rate of less than 10mm/a. ►Sharp tapers of slip rate are found at the ends of these boundary faults. ►Slips on boundary faults are dissipated by thrust faulting and basin shortening. ►Present-day deformation of north Tibet margin is featured by this dissipation.
The prognostic role of inflammation index like neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. We conduct a meta‐analysis to determine the predictable value of ...NLR in the clinical outcome of CRC patients. The analysis was carried out based on the data from 16 studies (19 cohorts) to evaluate the association between NLR and overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) in patients with CRC. In addition, the relationship between NLR and clinicopathological parameters was assessed. Hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as the effect size estimate. Our analysis results indicated that elevated pretreatment NLR predicted poorer OS (HR: 1.813, 95% CI: 1.499–2.193) and PFS (HR: 2.102, 95% CI: 1.554–2.843) in patients with CRC. Increased NLR is also significantly associated with the poorer differentiation of the tumor (OR: 1.574, 95% CI: 1.226–2.022) and higher carcino‐embryonie antigen (CEA) level (OR: 1.493, 95% CI: 1.308–1.705). By these results, we conclude that NLR gains a prognostic value for patients with CRC. NLR should be monitored in CRC patients for rational stratification of the patients and adjusting the treatment strategy.
What's new?
Although correlated with the severity of disease course, the impact of neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on survival and tumor characteristics in cancer patients remains unclear. In the meta‐analysis presented here, elevated pre‐treatment NLR was found to predict poor overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer. NLR was also associated with unfavorable biologic behavior in colorectal cancer. The findings suggest that NLR, as an inexpensive and widely available index, should be routinely monitored in colorectal cancer patients.
Recent studies of the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau have called attention to two emerging views of how the Tibetan Plateau has grown. First, deformation in northern Tibet began essentially ...at the time of collision with India, not 10–20 Myr later as might be expected if the locus of activity migrated northward as India penetrated the rest of Eurasia. Thus, the north‐south dimensions of the Tibetan Plateau were set mainly by differences in lithospheric strength, with strong lithosphere beneath India and the Tarim and Qaidam basins steadily encroaching on one another as the region between them, the present‐day Tibetan Plateau, deformed, and its north‐south dimension became narrower. Second, abundant evidence calls for acceleration of deformation, including the formation of new faults, in northeastern Tibet since ~15 Ma and a less precisely dated change in orientation of crustal shortening since ~20 Ma. This reorientation of crustal shortening and roughly concurrent outward growth of high terrain, which swings from NNE‐SSW in northern Tibet to more NE‐SW and even ENE‐WSW in the easternmost part of northeastern Tibet, are likely to be, in part, a consequence of crustal thickening within the high Tibetan Plateau reaching a limit, and the locus of continued shortening then migrating to the northeastern and eastern flanks. These changes in rates and orientation also could result from removal of some or all mantle lithosphere and increased gravitational potential energy per unit area and from a weakening of crustal material so that it could flow in response to pressure gradients set by evolving differences in elevation.
Key Points
The north‐south limits of Tibet were set by lateral variations in strength
Roughly 15 million years ago, deformation of NE Tibet accelerated
Since 20–15 million years ago, the orientation of shortening rotated eastward
ABSTRACT
Magnetostratigraphy of sedimentary rock deposited in the Chaka basin (north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau) indicates a late Miocene onset of basin formation and subsequent development of the ...adjacent Qinghai Nan Shan. Sedimentation in the basin initiated at ∼11 Ma. In the lower part of the basin fill, a coarsening‐upward sequence starting at ∼9 Ma, as well as rapid sedimentation rates, and northward paleocurrents, are consistent with continued growth of the Ela Shan to the south. In the upper section, several lines of evidence suggest that thrust faulting and topographic development of the Qinghai Nan Shan began at ∼6.1 Ma. Paleocurrent indicators, preserved in the basin in the proximal footwall of the Qinghai Nan Shan, show a change from northward to southward flow between 6.5 and 3.8 Ma. At the same location, sediment derived from the Qinghai Nan Shan appears at 6.1 Ma. Finally, the initiation of progressively shallowing dips observed in deformed basin strata and a change to pebbly, fluvial deposits at 6.1 Ma provide a minimum age for the onset of slip on the thrust fault that dips north‐east beneath the Qinghai Nan Shan. We interpret a decrease in sediment accumulation rates since ∼6 Ma to indicate a reduction in Chaka basin accommodation space due to active faulting and folding along the Qinghai Nan Shan and incorporation of the basin into the wedge‐top depozone. Declination anomalies indicate the beginning of counter‐clockwise rotation since 6.1 Ma, which we associate with local deformation, not regional block rotation. The emergence of the Qinghai Nan Shan near the end of the Miocene Epoch partitioned the once contiguous Chaka‐Gonghe and Qinghai basin complex. In a regional framework, our study adds to a growing body of evidence that points to widespread initiation and/or reactivation of fault networks during the late Miocene across the north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Drought is a major threat to plant growth and crop productivity. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs, CPKs) are believed to play important roles in plant responses to drought stress. Here, we ...report that Arabidopsis thaliana CPK8 functions in abscisic acid (ABA)- and Ca2+-mediated plant responses to drought stress. The cpk8 mutant was more sensitive to drought stress than wild-type plants, while the transgenic plants overexpressing CPK8 showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress compared with wild-type plants. ABA-, H2O2-, and Ca2+-induced stomatal closing were impaired in cpk8 mutants. Arabidopsis CATALASE3 (CAT3) was identified as a CPK8-interacting protein, confirmed by yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. CPK8 can phosphorylate CAT3 at Ser-261 and regulate its activity. Both cpk8 and cat3 plants showed lower catalase activity and higher accumulation of H2O2 compared with wild-type plants. The cat3 mutant displayed a similar drought stress-sensitive phenotype as cpk8 mutant. Moreover, ABA and Ca2+ inhibition of inward K+ currents were diminished in guard cells of cpk8 and cat3 mutants. Together, these results demonstrated that CPK8 functions in ABA-mediated stomatal regulation in responses to drought stress through regulation of CAT3 activity.
The intercalation compounds with various electrochemically active or inactive elements in the layered structure have been the subject of increasing interest due to their high capacities, good ...reversibility, simple structures, and ease of synthesis. However, their reversible intercalation/deintercalation redox chemistries in previous compounds involve a single cationic redox reaction or a cumulative cationic and anionic redox reaction. Here we report an anionic redox chemistry and structural stabilization of layered sodium chromium sulfide. It was discovered that the sulfur in sodium chromium sulfide is electrochemically active, undergoing oxidation/reduction rather than chromium. Significantly, sodium ions can successfully move out and into without changing its lattice parameter c, which is explained in terms of the occurrence of chromium/sodium vacancy antisite during desodiation and sodiation processes. Our present work not only enriches the electrochemistry of layered intercalation compounds, but also extends the scope of investigation on high-capacity electrodes.The rational design of intercalation electrodes is largely confined to the optimization of redox chemistry of transition metals and oxygen. Here, the authors report the single anionic redox process in NaCrS
where it is sulfur rather than chromium that works as the electrochemical active species.
This work describes the construction of a novel planar chiral 2.2paracyclophane-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF)-active molecule with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). ...The combination of the bulky planar chiral phenoxazinephane (PXZp) donor based 2.2paracyclophane and triazine acceptor enables the highly efficient luminescence performances and excellent CPL properties. The enantiomers exhibit excellent TADF activities, the energy difference (ΔE ST) between singlet and triplet of the molecule is only 0.03 eV. Notably, through solution-process, a yellow CP-OLEDs based on the molecule as the emitting layers displays high maximum brightness (L max) up to 34 293 cd m–2, maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE max) up to 7.8% and remarkable CP-EL signal with g EL factor up to 4.6 × 10–3.
A hierarchical core-shell heterostructure comprised of vertical and intercrossing ultrathin NiMn-LDHs nanosheets shell and slightly curly and tops tangled CuO nanowires core shows promising ...electrochemical storage properties.
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•A hierarchical NiMn-LDH@CuO/CF core-shell heterostructure was successfully prepared.•The hybrid comprises of vertical NiMn-LDHs shell and tops tangled CuO nanowires core.•The NiMn-LDH@CuO/CF electrode exhibits high capacitance of 6077 mF cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2.•The blue LED indicator can be lit up eight minutes by three ASCs connected in series.
Supercapacitors are attracting tremendous research interest because they are expected to achieve battery-level energy density while having long calendar life and short charging time. Ultrathin layered double hydroxide nanosheets (LDHs) are promising candidates as electrode materials for energy storage. Herein, we have successfully designed and synthesized a hierarchical NiMn-LDH@CuO/CF core-shell heterostructure which comprises a vertical and intercrossing ultrathin NiMn-LDHs nanosheets shell and a slightly curly and tops tangled CuO nanowires core. The synthesized NiMn-LDH@CuO/CF electrode exhibits a high areal capacitance of 6077 mF cm−2 (2430.8 F g−1) at a current density of 2 mA cm−2 (0.8 A g−1), which is significant higher than those of CF, Cu(OH)2/CF, CuO/CF, NiMn-LDH/CF and NiMn-LDH electrodes. Moreover, a superior cycling stability of 89.22% retention after 8000 cycles at a high current density of 50 mA cm−2 is observed and a low internal resistance Rs (0.584 Ω) can be achieved. Furthermore, an all solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device based on the as-synthesized hierarchical NiMn-LDH@CuO/CF core-shell heterostructure hybrid material as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode is successfully fabricated and exhibits an energy density of 10.8 W h kg−1 at a power density of 100 W kg−1. Additionally, a LED indicator can be lit up for eight minutes when three ASCs are connected in series. The excellent electrochemical performances can be credited to the significant enhancement of the specific surface area, charge transport and mechanical stability resulted from the ultrathin LDH shell, the highly conductive CuO nanowires core-shell nanostructure. This strategy for the fabrication of hierarchical core-shell heterostructure could have enormous potential for applications in high performance energy storage devices.
Functional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/graphene nanocomposite microcellular foams were prepared by blending of PMMA with graphene sheets followed by foaming with subcritical CO2 as an ...environmentally benign foaming agent. The addition of graphene sheets endows the insulating PMMA foams with high electrical conductivity and improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency with microwave absorption as the dominant EMI shielding mechanism. Interestingly, because of the presence of the numerous microcellular cells, the graphene−PMMA foam exhibits greatly improved ductility and tensile toughness compared to its bulk counterpart. This work provides a promising methodology to fabricate tough and lightweight graphene−PMMA nanocomposite microcellular foams with superior electrical and EMI shielding properties by simultaneously combining the functionality and reinforcement of the graphene sheets and the toughening effect of the microcellular cells.
Debugging a genome sequence is imperative for successfully building a synthetic genome. As part of the effort to build a designer eukaryotic genome, yeast synthetic chromosome X (synX), designed as ...707,459 base pairs, was synthesized chemically. SynX exhibited good fitness under a wide variety of conditions. A highly efficient mapping strategy called pooled PCRTag mapping (PoPM), which can be generalized to any watermarked synthetic chromosome, was developed to identify genetic alterations that affect cell fitness ("bugs"). A series of bugs were corrected that included a large region bearing complex amplifications, a growth defect mapping to a recoded sequence in
, and a loxPsym site affecting promoter function of
PoPM is a powerful tool for synthetic yeast genome debugging and an efficient strategy for phenotype-genotype mapping.
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